Computer Network Tutorial

Introduction of Computer Network Types of Computer Network Network Topology Computer Networking Architecture Transmission Modes (Data Flow) Basic Networking Devices Integrate Services Digital Network (ISDN)

Model

OSI Model TCP/IP Model

Physical Layer

Digital Transmission Analog Transmission Transmission Media Switching

Data Link Layer

Error detection and Error correction Data Link Control Multiple Access Aloha

Network Layer

Network Layer - Logical Address Address Mapping Unicast Routing Protocol

Transport Layer

Process to Process Delivery User Datagram Protocol Transmission Control Protocol Stream Control Transmission Protocol Session Layer and Presentation Layer

Application Layer

Domain Name System Application Protocol E-mail Cryptography

Misc

Classes of Routing Protocols Classification of Routing Algorithms Controlled Access Protocols in Computer Networks Differences between IPv4 and IPv6 Fixed and Flooding Routing Algorithms Advantages and Disadvantages of Fibre Optics Cable APIPA Difference between Active and Passive FTP Fiber Optics and its Types Method of Joining and Fusion of Fiber Optic Cable Define Framing in Computer Network Disadvantages of Computer Network Mesh Topology Diagram in Computer Network Ring Topology in Computer Network Star Topology in Computer Networks 4G Mobile Communication Technology Advantages and Disadvantages of LAN Advantages and Disadvantages of MAN Advantages and Disadvantages of WAN Application Layer in OSI Model Cyclic Redundancy Check Example Data link layer in OSI model Difference between Transport and Network Layer Hamming Code Example Network Layer in OSI Model Session Layer in OSI Model Transport Layer in OSI Model Two Port Network in Computer Networks Uses of Computer Networks What is Computer Network What is Framing in a Computer Network Advantages and Disadvantages of Bus Topology Difference between Star Topology and Bus Topology Subnetting in Computer Network Subnetting Questions and Answers What is Bus Topology What is Network Topology and Types in Computer Networks Access Control in Networking Basic Characteristics of Computer Network Benefits of SOCKS5 Proxy in Computer Networks Computer Network viva Questions Difference between BOOTP and RARP Difference Between Network Topologies and Network Protocols Difference between NFC and RFID Difference Between Point-to-Point Link and star Topology Network Differences Between MSS and MTU Differences Between Trunk Port and Access Port Different Modes of Communication in Computer Networks MIME Protocol in Computer Networks Modes of Communication in Computer Networks Network Attack in Computer Network Port Address in Networking Simplest Protocol in Computer Network Sliding Window Protocol in Computer Network Stop And Wait Protocol in Computer Networks TCP 3-Way Handshake Process in Computer Networks What is a Proxy Server What is APPN What is ICMP Protocol What is Point-to-Point Protocol What is Port Address in Networking What is the HDLC Protocol What is VRRP Protocol Difference Between Analog and Digital Signals Difference Between Hub and Repeater Difference between Repeater and Switch Difference Between Transparent Bridge and Source Routing Bridge Source Routing Bridge in Computer Networks Transparent Bridge in Computer Networks Transport Protocol in Computer Networks Types of CSMA in Computer Networks What is Wired and Wireless Networking Network Security in Computer Network Disadvantages of Extranet Difference Between TELNET and FTP Define Protocol in Computer Networks Guided Transmission Media in Computer Network What is a Gateway in a Computer Network IGMP in Computer Networks LAN Protocols in Computer Networks MAN Meaning in Computer Modulation Techniques in Computer Networks Switching in DCN TCP/IP Applications What is IGMP? What is Modem in Networking What is Non-Persistent CSMA Difference between Cell Splitting and Cell Sectoring Forouzen Computer Network Open Loop and Closed Loop Congestion Control Types of Cluster Computing WAP-Wireless Access Point What are the elements of the Transport Protocol Difference between Gateway and Switch Flow Control in Data Link Layer Body Area Network Flooding in Computer Network Token Ring in Computer Networks VoIP in Computer Networks What is Infrared Transmission Congestion Control Techniques Forward Error Correction (FEC) Switching Techniques What is Telnet in Computer Network What are the Types of IPv4 Addresses IEEE 802.6 (DQDB) IEEE 802.15.4 Technology What is HDLC (High-level Data Link Control)? What is SMS Hubbing in Telecom? Circuit Switching in Computer Networks Communication Satellites in Computer Networks Features of HTTP Protocol IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol) Internet Services How to Set up a Wireless Router Internetwork Routing in Computer Networks Distributed Computing System Features of GSM The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol What is IEEE 802.3? What are Hubs and Switches in Computer Networks? What is Modem in a Computer Network? What is multicasting in Computer Networks? GSM -The Mobile Station What is Network Server? Slotted Aloha in Computer Network What is Ethernet in Computer Networks What is Arpanet? Radio Access Network (RAN) TCP 3-Way Handshake Process PING SWEEP (ICMP SWEEP) Print Server Private IP Address Security Services in Computer Networks Protocol Data Unit (PDU) CSMA with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) What is Gateway in Computer Network? Advantages of Networking Data Link Layer Design Issues DHCP in Computer Networks Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) What is Switch Hub? Telnet Full form in Networking Multimedia Systems Quality of Service in Computer Networks What is Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)? What is Circuit Switching What is Duplex Network? What is Web Protocol Network LAN Technologies Classes in Computer Network Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) Wireless Internet Service Providers(Wisps) What is Handshaking? Cache Server What Is WSN Network? Check Sum Error Detection Linear Bus Topology Functions of the Transport Layer Infrared Transmission in Computer Networks Digital Signal in Computer Network Digital Data Transmission in Computer Networks Define Checksum with Example Computer Network Security Requirements Brust Errors in Computer Network Back Side Bus (BSB) 2-Dimension Parity Check in Computer Network Router and Brouter Microwave Transmission in Computer Networks Magnetic Media in Computer Network A One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol CDMA-Near-Far Problem Reference Models in Computer Networks Uni-cast, Broadcast, and Multicast in Computer Networks Uses Of Bridges in Computer Networks What are Gateways in Computer Network? How to Set Up a Home Network – A 7-Step Guide GSM in Computer Networks Multicast Routing Protocols in Computer Networks Network Components Types of Ethernet in Computer Networks BGP vs.EIGRP-What's the difference? Green Cloud Computing and its Strategies Packet Switching Router in Computer Network Advantages and Disadvantages of Routers ATM Network Automatic Repeat ReQuest (ARQ) Static Routing Algorithms in Computer Network TDMA – Technology Data Link Layer services provided to the Network Layer Transmission Impairments in Computer Networks Types of Modems What are Elementary Data Link Layer Protocols What is an Ad-hoc Network? What is the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standards? What Is Tunneling in Computer Networks? What is Twisted Pair Cable Advantages of Unguided Media Ethernet Topology in Computer Network Optical Fiber Modes and Configurations Optical Sources in Optical Fiber Communication 4 Layers of TCP/IP Hierarchical Routing Algorithm in Computer Networks Meaning of Data Communication Metropolitan Area Network Responsibilities of Transport Layer The Functions of Hub in Networking Tree Topology in Computer Network Types of Connections in Computer Network Authentication in Computer Network Buffering in Computer Networks MAC Protocol and its Classification Difference between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Difference between Session and Cookies Broadcasting in Computer Networks CDMA in Computer Networks CDMA-Technology Components of Computer Network CRC in Data Communication CSMA-CA Protocol in Computer Network Difference between LAN and VLAN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND LOGICAL TOPOLOGY Difference between TDM and FDM Differences Between URL and IP Address Differentiate between Synchronous TDM and Asynchronous TDM in Computer Network Diffеrеntiate Bеtwееn Datagram Approach and Virtual Circuit in Computer Network FDDI in Computer Network Functions of Bridge IEEE 802.11 in Computer Networks Internetworking in Computer Networks MAC in Data Link Layer Mac Sub Layer in Computer Networks MAN Meaning in Computer Radio Wave Transmission Single Sign-On (SSO) Token Passing in Computer Network Types of Data Transmission Types of Transmission Media in Computer Networks Advantagеs and Disadvantagеs of Li-Fi Benefits of Client Server Computing Bus and its Types Characteristics of Analog Signals Characteristics of NOS Choke Packet in Congestion Control Congestion Control Policy CSMA/CA in Computer Network Data Communication and Transmission Techniques Data Compression in Computer Networks Diffеrеncе bеtwееn SSH and Tеlnеt Diffеrеncе bеtwееn Static IP Addrеss and Dynamic IP Addrеssa Fiber Distributed Data Interface Network Time Protocol(NTP) Routing in Adhoc Networks Working of DNS Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Types of Packet Switching Types of Protocols Types of Transmission Technology Use of Bluetooth in Computer Networks What is BBS? What is Code Correction? IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN What is Stateless Protocol? Advantages of Networking in Computers DHCP Protocol in Computer Networks Difference between UTP and STP Cable Explain FTP in Computer Network Explain Hierarchical Model Explain HTTP in Computer Network Explain Nested Structure with Example Open Systems Interconnection Model Parallel Database System SMTP in Computer Network Space Division Switching Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Types of IP Address Types of Routing in Computer Networks What is Duplex Transmission Data Link Layer Protocols Network Layer Protocols Session Layer Protocols

What are Elementary Data Link Layer Protocols
2024-07-20 07:15:34

What are Elementary Data Link Layer Protocols

Introduction

When the data link layer receives a packet, it is encapsulated in a frame, including a data link header and trailer. A frame is made up of an embedded packet that carries control information as well as a checksum. The hardware computes the checksum when a frame arrives at the receiver. If an error is discovered, it is reported to the data link layer. If no errors are detected, it simply checks the control data in the header and sends the packet to the network's layer.

Primary data link layer protocol Classification

Elementary Data Link protocols are divided into three types, as shown below-

  • Protocol 1 − Unrestricted simplex protocol
  • Protocol 2 − Simplex stop-and-wait protocol
  • Protocol 3 − Simplex protocol for noisy channels.

Let us go over each protocol individually.

1. Unrestricted simplex protocol:

    Data transmission is only done in one direction. Transmission (Tx) and reception (Rx) are always available; processing time is irrelevant. This protocol has an infinite buffer space and no faults, meaning no damaged or lost frames.

    The graphic below depicts the Unrestricted Simplex Protocol-

    What are Elementary Data Link Layer Protocols

    2. Simplex stop-and-wait protocol:

    This protocol assumes that data is only transferred in one way. There is no inaccuracy; the receiver can only process data constantly. These assumptions imply that the transmitter cannot send frames faster than the receiver can process them. The critical issue here is preventing the transmitter from flooding the receiver. The typical solution for this problem is for the receiver to provide feedback to the sender; the approach is as follows:

    Step 1: The acknowledgement frame is returned to the sender, informing it that the most recently received frame has been processed and transmitted to the host.

    Step 2: Permission is granted to send the following frame.

    Step 3: The sender must wait for an acknowledgement frame from the receiver after transmitting the sent frame preceding sending another frame.

    The Simplex stop-and-wait protocol is utilized when the sender sends one frame and waits for the recipient's response. When an acknowledgement is received, the sender sends the frame as below.

    The Simplex Stop & Wait Protocol is depicted diagrammatically as follows-

    What are Elementary Data Link Layer Protocols

    3. Simplex protocol for noisy channels:

    Data transfer is one-way, with a separate recipient and sender, restricted processing capacity & speed at the receiver, and errors in data frames & acknowledgement frames to be expected due to the noisy channel. Each frame has its sequence number.

    The timer is initiated for a limited time after a frame is transferred. If the acknowledgement isn't received before the timer ends, the frame is retransmitted; if the acknowledgement is malformed or the transferred data frames are damaged, the sender must wait indefinitely before transmitting the next frame.

    The Simplex Protocols for Noisy Channels are depicted diagrammatically as follows-

    What are Elementary Data Link Layer Protocols

    Data Link Layer Devices

    The Data Link Layer employs several devices, which are described below.

    Bridge: A bridge is an electrical device used in computer networking that aids in establishing connections with another bridge using a comparable protocol.

    Switches: A switch is a hardware device that connects numerous devices via a network at the data link layer of the OSI model. It employs multiple packet-switching techniques to receive and send data packets across the network.

    Modem: A modem is a "Modulator - De-modulator" and transfers information via telephone lines from one computer network to another.

    The modulator converts all data from digital to analogue over the transmitting point and the opposite end. De-Modulators can transform analogue signals to digital signals when in reception mode.

    Network Interface Card: Also referred to as a "Network Interface Controller", "Network Adapter"/"LAN Adapter". A network interface card, or a NIC, is a circuit board used in computer systems to offer a dedicated network connection.

    Data Link Layer Protocol Examples:

    Some Examples of Major Data Link Protocols: Wide Area Networks (WAN) and modem connections require multiple data link protocols. Logical communication Control (LLC) is a data communication protocol commonly used in LANs. Some instances of data link protocols are as follows:

    List of Data Link Layer Protocols

    • Synchronous Data Link Protocol (SDLC)
    • High-Level Data Link Protocol (HDLC)
    • Serial Line Interface Protocol (SLIP)
    • Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
    • Link Control Protocol (LCP)
    • Link Access Procedure (LAP)
    • Network Control Protocol (NCP)
    1. Synchronous Data Link Protocol (SDLC) is a computer communication protocol. It typically enables multipoint links as well as error recovery or repair. It is commonly used to transport SNA (Systems Network Architecture) traffic and is a forerunner to HDLC. IBM created and developed it in 1975 as well. It also connects all distant devices via point-to-point (one-to-one) Or point-to-multipoint (one-to-many) connections to centrally located mainframe computers. It also ensures that data units arrive correctly and flow from one network point to another.
    2. High-Level Data Link Protocol (HDLC) - HDLC is a protocol that has become a catch-all for several Wide Area protocols. It is also a component of the X.25 network. ISO conceived and developed it in 1979. In general, this protocol is built on SDLC. It also provides both unreliable best-effort service as well as accurate service. HDLC is a bit-oriented protocol that can communicate in point-to-point and multipoint modes.
    3. SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol) - SLIP is an outdated protocol that adds a framing byte to the end of an IP packet. A data link control capability is required for sending IP packets over a dial-up link between Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and residential users. It is a TCP/IP encapsulation created for communication through serial ports and multiple router connections. It has shortcomings, such as the need for error correction or detection tools.
    4. PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) - PPP is a protocol that works in the same way as SLIP. It is the most resilient protocol and is utilized to transport different sorts of packets in addition to IP packets. It is also necessary for dial-up & leased router-router connections. It gives a framing mechanism for describing frames. It is a fault-detecting character-oriented protocol. It's also used to deliver two protocols: NCP and LCP. LCP is used to bring lines up, negotiate alternatives, and bring them back down, whereas NCP is used to negotiate network-layer protocols. It's needed for the same serial interfaces that HDLC.
    5. LCP (Link Control Protocol) - IEEE 802.2 was the first to develop and create it. It also provides HDLC-style services on local area networks (LANs). LCP is a PPP protocol for establishing, setting, testing, maintaining, and finishing/terminating links for data frame transmission.
    6. Link Access Protocol (LAP) - LAP protocols are data link layer protocols used for data framing and transmission over point-to-point connections. It also includes details about service dependability. LAPB (Link Access Procedure Balanced), LAPD (Link Access Procedure D-Channel), and LAPF (Link Access Procedure Frame-Mode Bearer Services) are the three versions of LAP. It is derived via IBM SDLC, which IBM has submitted to the ISP for standardization.
    7. Network Control Protocol (NCP) - NCP was another older protocol used by ARPANET. It allows users to use computers & various gadgets from remote locations and transmit files between two or more machines. PPP is often defined as a collection of protocols. Every higher-layer protocol supported by PPP has constant access to NCP. TCP/IP supplanted NCP in the 1980s.

    Data Link Layer Functions

    • Linking and Framing:

    The data link layer receives each packet from the network layer, bundles it into frames, and then moves every frame bit by bit using network hardware devices. The data link layer receives every signal from hardware devices & collects them into Frame form on the receiver side.

    • Addressing:

    The data link layer generates the complete layer 2 addressing mechanism system, and then entire hardware addresses are identified as unique at the connection. It enables them to encode into hardware at the time of production.

    • Synchronization:

    After sending all frames over the link, both machines should be synchronized to communicate.

    • Controlling Errors:

    Some signals are having transition issues, and bits are being flipped due to a few issues. To discover those errors & precede them to recover to obtain the original data bits, it then forwards the error reporting system to the sender end.

    • Flow control:

    Suppose numerous stations with varying speeds or capacities are offered on the same link. With flow control, the data link layer enables both machines to interchange data at comparable speeds.

    • Multi-Access:

    If the host attempts to transport data over a shared link, the probability of collision increases. The data connection layer provides a CSMA/CD technique to allow various systems to access shared media.

    Conclusion

    We learned about the elementary data connection layer protocols, including their Types, functions, and services.