Difference between Object Oriented and Procedure Oriented Programming
Introduction
In the field of programming, both OOP (Object Oriented Programming) and POP (Procedural Oriented Programming) are high-level languages that are frequently employed in the creation of applications. These languages operate differently because they take a different tack when it comes to the nature of code development. Let's learn more about procedural and object-oriented programming before delving into their distinctions.
Procedure-Oriented Programming
A programming model based on the idea of calling procedures and developed from structured programming is known as procedural programming. Procedures are only a set of computational processes that need to be completed. They are often referred to as routines, subroutines, or functions. Any particular operation within a program may be invoked at any time, either by itself or by other procedures.
Languages used in Procedure-Oriented Programming
- FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL,
- BASIC, Pascal, and C
Characteristics of Procedure-Oriented Programming
- Big programs are broken up into smaller programs called functions.
- Most functions share functions formation flows freely between functions inside the system.
- Functions allow data to be changed from anywhere at any moment in value. (Functions convert data between different forms.)
- It designs programs using a top-down methodology.
Object-Oriented Programming
This programming paradigm is built on the idea of objects and is known as object-oriented programming. Objects are made up of code in the form of methods and properties that hold data. Object-oriented computer programs are created with the idea of things interacting with the outside environment in mind. However, there are many different object-oriented programming languages; the most widely used ones are class-based, which means that objects are instances of classes that also define their types.
Languages used in Object-Oriented Programming
- Java, C++, C#, Python,
- PHP, JavaScript, Ruby, Perl,
- Objective-C, Dart, Swift, Scala.
Characteristics of Object Oriented Programming
- Data are prioritized over procedure (function).
- Objects are the division of programs.
- The data structure binds together functions that work with an object's data.
- The data is buried and inaccessible to outside functions.
- Functions allow objects to speak with one another.
- It is simple to add new functions and data as needed.
- Uses a bottom-up approach for designing programs.
Features of OOP (Object Oriented Programming)
- Class
- Object
- Encapsulation
- Data Abstraction
- Inheritance
- Polymorphism
- Data binding
- Message Passing
Key Difference between OOP and POP
Important differences between OOP and POP differ in that POP is primarily concerned with how to do the task at hand, while OOP is primarily concerned with data security.
- Procedure-oriented programming, or POP, is different from object-oriented programming (OOP).
- POP lacks any particular accessing modes, but OOP offers three: "Public," "Private," and "Protected."
- OOP permits inheritance, which enables the utilization of the properties and functionalities of other classes through inheritance, but POP does not.
- In OOP, polymorphism is supported by virtual functions, while in POP, virtual functions are nonexistent.
Procedural Programming Vs Object-Oriented Programming
| Parameter | Procedural Programming | Object Oriented Programming |
| Definition | By following a series of instructions, this programming language uses a step-by-step method to divide a task into a collection of variables and routines (or subroutines). It completes each step methodically so that a computer can grasp what needs to be done with ease. | This programming language creates models based on the real world using classes and objects. With this paradigm, new objects are produced by inheriting the properties of the current ones, making it very simple for users to maintain and alter the existing code. |
| Security | Procedural programming does not provide a way to conceal information. Consequently, in comparison to object-oriented programming, it is less secure. | Because of its abstraction, object-oriented programming allows for the hiding of data. As a result, it is safer than procedural programming. |
| Method | Depending on its functions, the main program is broken up into smaller sections. Then, it handles each of them separately for shorter programs. | It has to do with the idea of classes and objects. As a result, it separates the program into little units called objects. In reality, these are just examples of classes. |
| Division of Program | Procedural programming divides the program into smaller programs, known as functions | Smaller components, which are referred to as objects in object-oriented programming. |
| Movement of Data | Mobility Data that is readily available can travel easily between functions inside the system. | Through the member functions, the objects can move and communicate with one another. |
| Approach | Procedural programming adopts a top-down methodology. | The methodology used in object-oriented programming is bottom-up. |
| Importance | The data is not important to this programming model. It ranks the functions in order of importance, along with the necessary activities that must be taken. | This programming paradigm prioritizes data above procedures or functions. It does so because it is grounded in reality. |
| Orientation | It is focused on structure and procedure. | It is focused on objects. |
| Basis | Procedural programming focuses mostly on the structure or procedure of the program or how to carry out the task. | Data security is the primary focus of object-oriented programming. As a result, it only allows objects to access the class entities. |
| Type of Division | Any big program is divided into smaller pieces known as functions. | It breaks up the entire program into manageable chunks known as objects. |
| Inheritance | There is no inheritance available. | However, three modes of inheritance are available: protected, private, and public. |
| Virtual Classes | The idea of virtual classes does not exist. | Virtual functions first come into play during inheritance. |
| Overloading | Putting too much on the case of procedural programming, overloading is not feasible. | In the context of object-oriented programming, overloading might take the form of operator overloading or function overloading. |
| Reusability of Code | Procedural programming does not provide code reuse. | By using a concept called inheritance, object-oriented programming allows for the reuse of any existing code. |
| Most Important Attribute | The Most Vital Quality function is given precedence over data. | Data is given precedence over function. |
| Modes of Access | There isn't a particular accessing mode provided by procedural programming for functions or properties within a program. | Three access modes are available with object-oriented programming: protected, private, and public. Thus, these act as a share to access characteristics' functions. |
| Size of Problems | Problem SizeIt is not very useful for resolving significant or intricate issues. | It works well for resolving large or challenging issues. |
| Addition of New Function and Data | New Function and Data Addition Adding new data and functions to procedural programming is not a simple task. | Adding additional functions and data to an object-oriented program is a pretty simple process. |
| Access to Data | The majority of functions in procedural programming employ global data for sharing. They have unrestricted access to all functions within a particular system. | The current data in object-oriented programming is not easily transferable across functions. It can be kept secret or even made public. As a result, the user can manage data access. |
| Data Sharing | It distributes the global data throughout all of the program's functionalities. | Its member functions allow the objects to share data among themselves. |
| Data Hiding | There is no suitable method for concealing the information, so the data is still unsafe. | Three forms of data hiding are available: protected, private, and public. These increase the overall security of the data. |
| Basis of World | The foundation of the universe is procedural programming, which is based on an imaginary universe. | Object-oriented programming is grounded in reality. |
| Friend Classes or Friend Functions | There is no concept of friend function involved. | Any class or function that has the term "friend" in it can make friends with any other class. Note: Only C++ is compatible with the keyword "friend." |
| Examples | Procedural programming is frequently used in languages like C, Fortran, VB, and Pascal. | The programming languages Java, C++, VB.NET, Python, and C#.NET are examples of object-oriented programming. |
Application of Object Oriented Programming
- Designing user interfaces for windows and menus
- Office automation systems, such as document management systems, word processing systems, spreadsheet software, etc.
- Real-time systems, such as control systems for automobiles, aircraft, and spacecraft
- Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems
- Neural Networks and Parallel Programming Systems
- Decision Support Systems, etc.
Advantages of OOP
- Improved software-development productivity: Additionally, objects can be expanded to add new behaviours and properties, making them extendable. Moreover, objects can be utilized both inside and between programs. Compared to conventional procedure-based programming techniques, object-oriented programming offers greater software development productivity due to these three factors: modularity, extensibility, and reusability.
- Improved software maintainability: Because the design is modular, problems can be fixed by updating specific parts of the system without requiring significant modifications to the overall architecture.
- Faster development: Development is accelerated through reuse. Rich object libraries are included with object-oriented programming languages, and code created for one project can be used for other projects later on.
- Lower cost of development: Software reuse contributes to a reduction in development costs. Object-oriented analysis and design typically receive greater attention, reducing the overall development cost.
- Higher-quality software: When software is developed more quickly and at a lower cost, more time and resources may be dedicated to verification. Despite team experience being a determining factor, object-oriented programming generally produces software of a higher caliber.
Disadvantages of OOP
- Larger program Size: Compared to other programs, object-oriented programs are substantially larger. Memory, floppy discs, and hard drive space were all limited in the early days of computing. We are free from these limitations now.
- Effort: Creating object-oriented programs takes a lot of labor. To be more precise, an object-oriented program undergoes extensive planning even before the writing of any code. Many people thought that this early endeavor was a waste of time at first. Additionally, programmers had to spend more time writing the programs since they were larger.
- Speed: Because of their bulk, object-oriented programs operate more slowly than other types of programs. Additional facets of object-oriented programming require additional system resources, which causes the program to run more slowly.
Disadvantages of POP
- There is no data security in POP since any procedure (function) can access and modify global data. All functions that access the data must be resolved if we wish to modify the type of data that is stored globally. This could result in certain issues happening.
- POP's action-oriented functions mean that it does not accurately represent real-world issues.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the primary distinction between procedural and object-oriented programming is that the former employs objects and classes to build models based on real-world environments, while the latter uses a step-by-step methodology to break down a task into a collection of routines and variables by following a set of instructions.