C++ Tutorial Index

C++ Tutorial C++ History C++ Installation C++ First Program C++ cin and cout C++ Data type C++ Variable C++ operator C++ Keywords

C++ Control Statements

C++ If C++ Nested if C++ If-else C++ If-else-if C++ Switch C++ Break C++ Continue C++ Goto C++ For loop C++ While loop C++ Do while loop

C++ Functions

C++ Call by Value C++ Call by Reference C++ Recursion Function C++ Inline function C++ Friend function

C++ Arrays

Single dimension array Two dimension array

C++ Strings

C++ Strings

C++ Inheritance

C++ Inheritance Single level Inheritance Multilevel Inheritance Multiple Inheritance Hierarchical Inheritance Hybrid Inheritance

C++ Polymorphism

C++ Polymorphism C++ Overloading C++ Overriding C++ Virtual Function

C++ Pointers

C++ Pointers C++ this pointer

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Constructors

C++ Constructors Default Constructor Parameterize Constructor Copy constructor Constructor Overloading Destructor

C++ File Handling

C++ File Handling C++ Writing to file C++ Reading file C++ Close file

Miscellaneous

C Vs C++ C++ Comments C++ Data Abstraction C++ Identifier C++ Memory Management C++ Storage Classes C++ Void Pointer C++ Array To Function C++ Expressions C++ Features C++ Interfaces C++ Encapsulation std::min in C++ External merge sort in C++ Remove duplicates from sorted array in C++ Precision of floating point numbers Using these functions floor(), ceil(), trunc(), round() and setprecision() in C++ C++ References C++ Friend Functions C++ Mutable keyword Unary Operators in C++ Initialize Array of objects with parameterized constructors in C++ Differences between #define & const in C/C++ C++ Program to Implement Shell Sort C++ Program to Implement Merge Sort Storage Classes in C Vector resize() in C++ Passing by Reference Vs. Passing by the pointer in C++ Free vs delete() in C++ goto statement in C and C++ C++ program to read string using cin.getline() C++ String Concatenation Heap Sort in C++ Swap numbers in C++ Input Iterators in C++ Fibonacci Series in C++ C ++ Program: Alphabet Triangle and Number Triangle C++ Program: Matrix Multiplication C++ Program to Print Fibonacci Triangle Stack in C++ Maps in C++ Queue in C++ C++ Bitset C++ Algorithms Priority Queue in C++ C++ Multimap C++ Deque Function Pointer in C++ Sizeof() Operators in C++ C++ array of Pointers free() Vs delete in C Timsort Implementation Using C++ CPP Templates C++ Aggregation C++ Enumeration C++ Math Functions C++ Object Class C++ Queue Initialize Vector in C++ Vector in C++ C++ STL Components Function overloading in C++ C++ Maximum Index Problem C++ find missing in the second array C++ Program to find the product array puzzle C++ Program To Find Largest Subarray With 0 Sum C++ Program To Move All Zeros To The End Of The Array C++ Program to find the element that occurs once C++ Program to find the largest number formed from an array Constructor Vs Destructor C++ Namespaces C++ OOPs Concept C++ Static C++ Structs C++ Try-Catch C++ User Defined Exceptions C++ Virtual Destructor C++ vs C# Malloc() and new in C++ Palindrome Number Program in C++ Snake Code in C++ Splitting a string in C++ Structure Vs Class in C++ Virtual Function Vs Pure Virtual Function C++ Bidirectional Iterators C++ Forward Iterators C++ Iterators C++ Output Iterators C++ Range-based For Loop Converting string into integer in C++ LCM Program in C++ Type conversion in C++ Add two numbers using the function in C++ Advantage and disadvantage friend function C++ Armstrong Number Program in C++ ATM machine program in C++ using functions Binary to Decimal in C++ Bit Manipulation in C++ C++ Constructor C++ Dijkstra Algorithm Using the Priority Queue C++ int into String C++ Signal Handling Decimal to Binary in C++ Decimal to Hexadecimal in C++ Decimal to Octal in C++ Factorial Program in C++ Function in C++ Hexadecimal to Decimal in C++ Octal to Decimal in C++ Reverse a Number in C++ Structure Vs Class in C++ C++ Forward Iterators C++ Output Iterators C++ Prime number program Char Array to String in C++ Constructor Overloading in C++ Default arguments in C++ Different Ways to Compare Strings in C++ Dynamic Binding in C++ Program to convert infix to postfix expression in C++ SET Data Structure in C++ Upcasting and Downcasting in C++ Reverse an Array in C++ Fast Input and Output in C++ Delete Operator in C++ Copy elision in C++ C++ Date and Time C++ Bitwise XOR Operator Array of sets in C++ Binary Operator Overloading in C++ Binary Search in C++ Implementing the sets without C++ STL containers Scope Resolution Operator in C++ Smart pointers in C++ Types of polymorphism in C++ Exception Handling in C++ vs Java Const Keyword in C++ Type Casting in C++ Static keyword in C++ vs Java Inheritance in C++ vs Java How to concatenate two strings in C++ Programs to Print Pyramid Patterns in C++ swap() function in C++ Structure of C++ Program Stringstream in C++ and its applications rand() and srand() in C / C++ C++ Ternary Operator C++ Scope of Variables While Loop Examples in C++ Star pattern in C++ using For Loops For Loop Examples in C++ Do-While Loop Examples in C++ Top 5 IDEs for C++ That You Should Try Once Assertions in C/C++ C++ Convert Int to String Continue in C++ While loop Diamond Pattern in C++ using For Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using Do-While Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using For Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using While Loop Infinite loop in C++ Loops in C++ Returning Multiple Values from a Function using Tuple and Pair in C++ wcscpy(), wcslen(), wcscmp() Functions in C++ Auto keyword in C++ C++ 11 vs C++ 14 vs C++ 17 C++ STL (Standard Template Library) Differences Between C Structures and C++ Structures Divide by Zero Exception in C++ Dynamic Constructor in C++ Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ Find the Size of Array in C/C++ without using sizeof() function Floating Point Operations and Associativity in C, C++ and Java Hello World Program in C++ How to create a table in C++ How to Setup Environment for C++ Programming on Mac Implementation of a Falling Matrix in C++ Message Passing in C++ Pointer to Object in C++ Templates in C++ vs Generics in Java Ways to Copy a Vector in C++ What does Buffer Flush mean in C++ sort() function in C++ Structure Sorting (By Multiple Rules) in C++ Similarities between C++ and Java std::distance in C++ Array program in C++ C++ Tricks for Competitive Programming Desired Capabilities in Selenium Web Driver in C++ Socket Programming in C++ Template Specialization in C++ Classes and Objects in C++ Convex hull Algorithm in C++ DES in C++ C++ vardiac() function Difference between Two Sets in C++ Difference between Exit and Return Structured Binding in C++ Differences between Local and Global Variable Bitwise Operator vs Logical Operator Difference between OOP and POP in C++ Fork in C++ Functors in C++ How to call a void function in C++ How to create a directory or folder in C/C++ How to create a library in C++ How to create a stack in C++ How to create the Processes with Fork in C++ How to Handle Divide by Zero Exception in C++ Lambda Expression in C++ Pattern programs in C++ Roadmap to C++ Programming Substring in C++ Virtual base class in C++ Bits stdc++.h in C++ Top 14 Best Free C++ IDE (Editor & Compiler) for Windows in 2022 Bitmasking in C++ Auto Keyword in C++ Features of OOPS in C++ Hospital Management Project in C++ How to Declare Unordered Sets in C++ How to Sort an Array in C++ Include Guards in C++ Iostream in C++ Method overriding in C++ How to run program in turbo c++ How to Use Getline in C++ Leap Year Program in C++ Naming Convention in C++ New Operator in C++ Nullptr in C++ Object Slicing in C++ Principles of Object-Oriented Programming in C++ Processing strings using std string stream in C++ Pure Virtual Function in C++ With Example Program Random Number Generator in C++ Singleton Design Pattern in C++ Size_t Data Type in C++ Skyline Problem in C++ System() function in C++ Web Development in C++ Data Hiding in C++ Difference between exit() and _Exit() in C++ Hashing in C++ Object in C++ Sum of all Elements between k1’th and k2’th Smallest Elements Virtual class in C++ Vector Size in C++ Top best IDEs for C/C++ Developers in 2022 Tensorflow in C++ Sliding Window Technique in C++ Reverse String Word-Wise in C++ Returning a Function Pointer from a Function in C/C++ RTTI in C++ Pthreads or POSIX Threads in C++ Reserved Keywords in C++ Passing a Vector to a function in C++ 10 Best C and C++ Books for Beginners & Advanced Programmers Add two numbers represented by two arrays in C++ Array of Object in C++ C++ Program For FCFS Containership in C++ Counting Frequencies of Array Elements in C++ Decltype type Specifier in C++ Dynamic _Cast in C++ Difference between int main() and int main(void) in C/C++ Depth First Search Program to Traverse a Graph in C++ Features and Use Of Pointers in C/C++ Fread Function in C++ Programming Fscanf Function in The C++ Functions in C++ With Types and Examples Gmtime Function in C/C++ How is Multiset Implemented in C++ How to Build a Program in C++ How to Declare a 2d Array Dynamically in C++ inheritance Program in C++ int Max and int Min in C/C++ is It Fine to Write Void Main Or Main in C/C++ How to create a button in C++ abs() function in C++ Compile Time Polymorphism in C++ Division in C++ Factorial of a Number in C++ using while Loop Multiset in C++ 4 Pillars of OOPs Approach in C++ Backtracking Time Complexity in C++ C++ Global Variable C++ Pipe Tutorial Observer Design Pattern in C++ Private Inheritance in C++ Pthread in C++ Parameters SDL library in C++ with Examples Pointers in C++ Ascending order in C++ How the value is passed in C++ Call by Pointer in C++ Constexpr in C++ Deadlock in C++ Design Patterns in C++ Factory Method for Designing Pattern in C++ How to calculate size of string in C++ Name Mangling and extern in C++ Preventing Object Copy in C++ Program that produces different results in C and C++ Quick Sort in C++ Single Handling in C++ Type difference of Character literals in C VS C++ Use of Inheritance in C++ User-defined literals in C++ Vector methods in C++ Void * in C and C++ Zombie and Orphan Process in C++ Isprint() in C++ List and Vector in C++ List iterators in C++ Merging Two Vectors in C++ Sleep function in C++ Stoi function in C++ String erase() in C++ String Trim in C++ When should we write own Assignment operator in C++ C++ tcp client server example C++ tcp server example Early Binding and Late Binding in C++ Factory Design Pattern in C++ Fisher-Yates shuffle algorithm in C++ For Auto in C++ Group anagrams in C++ How to convert binary string to int in C++ How to convert string to float in C++ How to remove space from string in C++ How to use pair in C++ How to use the string find() in C++ Dynamic Casting in C++ 2D Vector Initialization in C++ C++ GUI Visual Studio C++ IPC C++ Macro Function Example C++ Permutation Overloading Stream Insertion in C++ Overloading array Index operator in C++ Operators that cannot be overloaded in C++ Operator overloading in C++ isprint() function in c++ Is_trivial function in C++ Is assignment operator Inherited in C++ div() function in C++ Default Assignment Operator and References in C++ Copy Constructor vs Assignment Operator in C++ Conversion Operator in C++ Array sum in C++ STL C++ Define Macro C++ Design C++ Factory Pattern TCP Client Server Example in C++ Convert String to Uppercase in C++ exit() and _Exit() in C and C++ Initializer list in C++ Iterator invalidation in C++ Lower bound in C++ Modulus of Two float numbers or double number Pass by value in C++ Set insert function in C++ Std partition_point in C++ Unary Operator Overloading in C++ Using Default Arguments with Virtual Functions Virtual Functions and Runtime Polymorphism What is endl in C++ What is Unary Operator Overloading in C++ Which operators cannot be overloaded in C++? rint(), rintf(), rintl() in C++ Stack size in C++ String append() function in C++ String push_back() in C++ String replace() in C++ Transform function in C++ Unique in C++ Unordered_map in C++ Binary String to Int C++ Boost C++ ctime() function in C++ Difference Between Overloading and Overriding in C++ Exception handling in constructor and destructor in C++ Explain class template in C++ Fesetround() and Fegetround() in C++ and their application Gets() and Puts() in C++ Hypot(), hypotf() and hypotl() in C++ Kadane Algorithm in C++ Log function in C++ Map of Pairs in STL Map vs unordered_map in C++ Nearbyint() Function in C++ Pair in C++ Access Specifiers in C++ Add Two Numbers in C++ Using Class Benefits of Operator Overloading in C++ C++ Socket Programming Windows C++ Program for Addition of Two Numbers Using Functions C++ Programming Examples C++ Protected Inheritance C++ Return Object Static Data Members in C++ Program for COPY Constructor in C++ Association in C++ C_str in C++ Boost libraries in C++ C++ macro function Assignment Operator Overloading in C++ Automatic Storage Class in C++ Function Object in C++ C++ Move Constructor Cast in C++ C++ 11 Lambda C++ Multithreading Bottom-up Approach in C++ C++ Program to Divide the String Into N equal Parts Gray Code to Binary Code in C++ How to get the value of pi in C++ Multimap value_comp() function in C++ Vector of Vectors in C++ Naïve Bayes Algorithm in C++ f 10 C++ Programming Tricks You Should Know btowc() function in C++ forward_list::cend() in C++ Unordered_multimap max_load_factor() function in C++ Cpp_int in c++ Dynamic Objects in C++ FLOCK() FUNCTION IN C++ Generate Random Double Numbers in C++ How to Assign Infinity to a Number in C++ Jump statements in C++ Multipath inheritance in C++ Out of Range Exception in C++ Size of Class in C++ Size of string in C++ std::binary_negate in c++ Thread_local in C++ Tokenizing a String in C++ Ancestors of a Node in Binary Search Tree C++ program for Double to String Conversion C++ Program to Demonstrate Use of Formatting Flags on Float Output Clamp in C++ K-Dimensional Tree in C++ Mutable Lambda in C++ Power Set in C++ Program to Find Sum of Geometric Progression Std::Back_inserter in C++ Strpbrk() function in C++ Size of int in C++ TYPES OF MANIPULATORS IN C++ Double colon in C++ How to sort vector in C++ How to use Setprecision in C++ How to write a Vector in C++ Insertion in Splay Tree in C++ Merge Sort Algorithm in C++ Printing a Character using ASCII value in C++ Regex in C++ Size of Data Types in C++ Abstract Factory Design Pattern in C++ Sqrtf() function in C++ Static Casting in C++ Using Range in Switch Case in C++ wcstoimax() and wcstoumax() function in C++ What is float in C++ What is the Diamond Problem in C++ Best way to learn C++ ios setstate() function in C++ Nested Namespace in C++ Single Inheritance in C++ std::fixed, std::scientific, std::hexfloat, std::defaultfloat in C++ StringStream in C++ for Decimal to Hexadecimal and back The OFFSETOF() macro in C++ Semaphores in C++ Seekg in C++ stacktrace Header file in C++ 23 std::future in C++ std::unary_negate() in C++ Difference between std::endl and \n in C++ Iswspace Function in C++ Difference between std-next and std::advance in C++ Hiding of all overloaded methods with same name in base class in C++ C++ program to concatenate two strings using operator overloading Difference between array::fill() and array::swap() in C++ Difference between Friend Function and Virtual Function in C++ Semaphores in C++ UDP server- client implementattion in C++ What is long long in C++ CSV file management using C++ fma() function in C++ Toggle bits of a number except first and last bits in C++ Trailing Return Type C++ 11 Binary search implementation in C++ Different Versions of C++ What is Cascading in C++ Background Colour in C++ BOOL DATATYPE IN C++ BIT VECTORS IN C++ Literals in C++ Application of pointer in C++ Index with minimum sum of prefix and suffix sums in an array in C++ Maximum sum Bi-tonic sub-sequence in C++ std::optional in C++ C/C++ program for triangular matchstick number COUT COMMAND IN C++ LANGUAGE Adjacency matrix program in C++ language Exception Objects in C++ Difference between Null String and Empty String in C++ Character data type in c++ Constructors in Inheritance C++ Comma Operator Overloading in C++ Typename in C++ C++ Friend Class C++ Exceptions Difference Between C and C++ Double-linked list program in C++ Color Code in C++ CRC Program in C++ Anti-Clockwise spiral traversal of a binary tree in C++ Advantages of OOP in C++ Cryptarithmetic Puzzle in C++ Angular sweep algorithm in C++ Factorial of Large Numbers in C++ endl Function in C++ vfprintf() method in C++ Check if a given number is Pronic in C++ Difference between Fundamental Data Type and Derived Data Types in C++ Different Ways to initialize an unordered_set in C++ Dinic’s Algorithm in C++ How to read whole ASCII File into C++ using std::string? std::unary_negate() in C++ String::npos function in C++ type_traits::is_null_pointer in C++ C++ code to count the local extrema of given array Demlo number (square of 11....1) in C++ Function Template and Class Template in C++ Getline in C++ GUI Design in C++ Hashing Implementation in C++ HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE IN C++ Hospital Management System in C++ How to Add Header Files in Dev C++? How to cin string in C++ How to compile a C++ program in Visual Studio code Iscntrl in C++ Memento Pattern in C++ Smarandache-Wellin Sequence in C++ The feclearexcept in C++ HashMap in C++ Alexander Bogomolny's UnOrdered Permutation Algorithm in C++ Convex Polygon in C++ Count Univalue Subtrees in C++ Entringer Number in C++ Friends pairing Problem in C++ Klee's Algorithm (Length of the union of segments of a line) in C++ Spaceship Operator(&|t;==>) in C++ Uniform Initialization in C++ Woodall Number in C++ C++ Program to Solve Knapsack Problem Using Dynamic Programming How do you exit from the infinite loop in Turbo C++? How to create a game using C++ language How to do XOR in C++? How to Find Max Value in Array C++ How to get date in C++ Pointer to a Derived Class in C++ C++ program to show runtime exceptions Convert a Singly LinkedList to XOR LinkedList in C++ Creation of Variable in C++ CRTP (curiously recurring template pattern) in C++ Euler Circuits in Directed Graphs Using C++ Final NBA Match pairing in C++ Find pivot in rotated sorted array in C++ How to make a square in C++ How to reduce fractions in C++ std::lerp in C++ Stella Octangula Numbers in C++ Return Statement in C++ Finding the n-th Fortune Number in C++ How to use StringStream in C++ Minimize Count of Unequal Elements at corresponding Indices between give n arrays in C++ std::midpoint in C++ std::transform inclusive scan in C++ std::span in C++ Types of Errors in C++ C++ program to implement the bin packing algorithm Dereference Operator in C++ How to merge multiple std::sets into a single std::set in C++? Stack Clear C++ Structure and Class in C++ Template Definition in C++ Tree Data Structure in C++ Typename in C++ Program in C++ for Beginners Restoring a Shuffled Queue in C++ Print patterns in C++ Hybrid Inheritance in C++ How to use OpenGL in C++? How to Separate a String in C++ Havel-Hakimi algorithm in C++ Find the size of all connected Non-Empty Cells of a Matrix in C++ Burst Sort Algorithm in C++ Basic istream peak() method in C++ Addition of two matrices in C++ What is std reference wrapper in C++? What is std mbrtoc 32 in C++? What is std istreambuf iterator in C++? What is std declval in C++? std rethrow if nested in C++ std regex search in C++ std ctype byname in C++ std call once in C++ std basic ios copyfmt in C++ std atomic ref in C++ Properties of Friend Function in C++ Sophie Germain Prime number in C++ Centroid Decomposition in C++ How to Get the List of All Running Tasks in C++ Programming Questions on Function Overloading in C++ std codecvt in and std codecvt do in in C++ std is constant evaluated in C++ Std put money in C++ Number of ordered pairs such that Ai Aj = 0 in C++ dlsym() function in C++ Isxdigit() function in C++ Difference between Objective C and C++ Menu Driven Program in C++ Undulating Numbers in C++ How to Access Private Variables in C++? Particle Swarm Optimization in C++ Understanding std::ios_base::iword in C++ std::piecewise_construct _t in C++ Toeplitz Matrix in C++ Two-Way Linear Search Algorithm in C++ C++ Concurrency in action C++ integer size C++ Enum class Compare two lists in C++ Command to run C++ Program in terminal Cascading In C++ Static Member Function in C++ with Example C++ Multiple, Multilevel and Hierarchical inheritance Painting Fence Algorithm in C++ Rearrange Distant Barcodes in C++ What are the rules for using an Underscore in a C++ dentifier? std::quoted in C++ Std::memory_order in C++ Std::fisher_f_distribution in C++ Advantages Oops in C++ floor() and ceil() function in C++ Topological Sort in C++ How to get file size in C++ Class Meaning in C++ DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NEW AND DELETE OPERATOR IN C++ New and Delete In C++ Operators in C++ String data types in C++ begin() in C++ Static Library Linking in C++ Stack Unwinding in C++ Singleton Pattern in C++ Shared_ptr in C++ Random Number between 1 and 10 in C++ Initializer in C++ Error Handling in C++ Define Reference in C++ Create a Class in C++ C++ Move Semantics What is Thread Id to Int in C++? What is a Static Member Function in C++? Using Keyword in C++ C++ IDE Linux C++ Mini Project With Source Code and Output All swing components C++ Syntax Link Call By Value And Call By Reference In C++ Const ptr c++ Const_cast C++ Constant Arguments in C++ Example of parameterized constructor in C++ example of user-defined data type Anonymous object in C++ Bank program in C++ Base class and Derived class in C++ Cerr in C++ Cin string in C++ cin.get() in C++ Containers in C++ Control flow statement in C++ coroutine in C++ cstdlib in C++ Difference between encapsulation and Abstraction Difference between template and macro in C++ Emplace_back in C++ Cstdio in C++ Exception specification in C++ Files and streams in C++ Hamming code implementation in C++ Map cbegin() and cend() function in C++ STL Map Emplace_hint() function in C++ STL Naked function calls in C++ Private destructor in C++ Static object in C++ unordered_set in C++ Uses of namespace std in C++ Virtual function and virtual base class in C++ VS Code Setup for C++ Vtable and vptr in C++ fixed() function in C++ How to remove an element from an array in C++ How to take space-separated input in C++ iomanip in C++ Isdigit() function in C++ noexcept in C++ rdbuf() in c++ seekg() function in C++ Seekp() function in C++ Setw() in C++ The diamond pattern in C++ Advantages and Disadvantages of Inheritance in C++ C++ Variables Types Explain Access Specifiers in C++ Anagram Program in C++ AREA OF TRIANGLE IN C++ ARRAY INPUT IN C++ Big Integers in C++ Bitwise Operator in C++ Data Structures Algorithms and Application in C++ EOF Function in C++ Explicit in C++ File Opening Mode in C++ Friend Function in C++ Function Overriding in C++ How to Copy in Turbo C++? How To Use POW in C++ Increment Operator in C++ Inline Functions in C++ Int range in C++ Integer in C++ Linked List in C++ malloc() and calloc() in C++ Maximum Value in Vector in C++ NPTEL Programming in C++ Assignment Solutions SHARED POINTER IN C++ Vector in C++ Stl What is an Object in C++ What is Copy Constructor in C++ Dereferencing a Pointer in C++ fill() Function in C++ map find() function in C++ Associative Containers In C++ C++ generic programming introduction Character Set in C++ Class and Structure in C++ Decltype in c++ Difference Between Abstraction and Interface in C++ File Stream in C++ Final in C++ Final Keyword in C++ Find substring in C++ Flush in C++ Has-A Relationship in C++ How to allocate memory dynamically in C++ How to close turbo C++ in windows 10 How to Use Modulus in C++ How to use Set in C++ Input and Output Operators in C++ Insert Function in C++ MENU DRIVEN PROGRAM IN C++ MOVE SEMANTICS IN C++ OOPs Interview Questions in C++ PARAMETER PASSING IN C++ PUNCTUATORS IN C++ SPLIT FUNCTION IN C++ Stream Classes in C++ Vector declaration in c++ Vector in C++ Virtual Function in C++ Binary Search Tree Program in C++ Built-in Types in C++ API in C++ Returning Object from a Function in C++ C++ Singleton C++ Template Class Declaration and Definition Tree in C++ C++ Type Traits Catch All Exceptions in C++ Lvalue and Rvalue in C++ Move Constructor in C++ Move Semantics in C++ Mutex Lock in C++ Qt in C++ Tutorial STL Algorithms in C++ Access Class members in C++ Designated initializers in C++ Dynamic Initialization of Objects in C++ Inbuilt Functions in C++ Metaclass in C++ Nesting of a member function in C++ Unique_ptr() in C++ Vector erase() function in C++ Vector insert() Function in C++ 10 important concepts of Oops in C++ At in C++ Difference Between Abstraction and Encapsulation in C++ Difference between Function Overloading and Operator Overloading in C++ Exception Specifications in C++ Examples of Destructor in C++ Examples of Hybrid Inheritance in C++ How to declare an Array in C++ How to declare string in C++ Instance variable in C++ Manipulators in C++ Pointer Declaration in C++ preprocessor in C++ Push_Back() Function in C++ Space in C++ String stl in c++ Edmonds Karp algorithm in C++ How to Create Singleton Class in C++ Static Polymorphism in C++ Associative Containers In C++ C++ generic programming introduction Character Set in C++ Class and Structure in C++ Decltype in c++ Difference Between Abstraction and Interface in C++ File Stream in C++ Final in C++ Final Keyword in C++ Find substring in C++ Flush in C++ Has-A Relationship in C++ How to allocate memory dynamically in C++ How to close turbo C++ in windows 10 How to Use Modulus in C++ How to use Set in C++ Input and Output Operators in C++ Insert Function in C++ MENU DRIVEN PROGRAM IN C++ MOVE SEMANTICS IN C++ OOPs Interview Questions in C++ PARAMETER PASSING IN C++ PUNCTUATORS IN C++ SPLIT FUNCTION IN C++ Stream Classes in C++ Vector declaration in c++ Vector in C++ Virtual Function in C++ Associative Containers In C++ C++ generic programming introduction Character Set in C++ Class and Structure in C++ Decltype in c++ Difference Between Abstraction and Interface in C++ File Stream in C++ Final in C++ Final Keyword in C++ Find substring in C++ Flush in C++ Has-A Relationship in C++ How to allocate memory dynamically in C++ How to close turbo C++ in windows 10 How to Use Modulus in C++ How to use Set in C++ Input and Output Operators in C++ Insert Function in C++ MENU DRIVEN PROGRAM IN C++ MOVE SEMANTICS IN C++ OOPs Interview Questions in C++ PARAMETER PASSING IN C++ PUNCTUATORS IN C++ SPLIT FUNCTION IN C++ Stream Classes in C++ Vector declaration in c++ Virtual Function in C++ Babylonian Square Root Algorithm in C++ C++ Delegates Complex Number Program in C++ Custom Sort in C++ Differences Between C++ and JavaScript Meta Classes in C++ Prim’s Algorithm in C++ RAII in C++ How to access set elements in C++ How to Allocate and Deallocate Memory in C++ How to Convert String to Lowercase in c++ How to initialize a string in C++ How to Input a String in C++ Ignore Function in C++ Image Recognition Algorithm in C++ Insertion Sort Algorithm in C++ Knapsack Problem in C++ LOG BASE 2 IN C++ LOOPING STATEMENT IN C++ Managing Output with Manipulators in C++ Max Heap in C++ mbrlen- function in C-C++ Merge Overlapping Intervals in C++ Merge Sort Recursive in C++ Methods to Sort Strings in C++ Multiline Comment in C++ Multiple catch statements in C++ Naïve Bayes Algorithm in C++ Needleman Wunsch Algorithm in C++ Object delegation in C++ Pass 2 Assembler Program in C++ ratio_less_equal() function in C++ Rethrowing an exception in C++ Return type in C++ Reusability in C++ Round Robin Scheduling Program in C++ Sequence Container in C++ Sieve of Eratosthenes in C++ SOLID PRINCIPLES IN C++ STACK USING PUSH POP PROGRAMME IN C++ Stdlib Header File in C++ Strcmp function in C++ strcmpi in C++ Find minimum s-t cut in a flow network in C++ Hamilton Cycle Detection in C++ list cbеgin() and cеnd() function in C++ Maximum Bipartite Matching in C++ Neural Network in C++ Otsu Thresholding Opencv C++ Pancake Sorting in C++ Pimpl Idiom in C++ Print All Interleavings of Given Two Strings in C++ Print the Corner Elements and their Sum in a 2-D Matrix in C++ reinterpret_cast in C++ Rotate Bits of a Number in C++ Shallow Copy in C++ Stable Marriage Program in C++ Stack Smashing Detected in C++ Static Data Member in C++ String::npos in C++ Thread safe queue in C++ Total Keywords in C++ Tug of War in C++ What Kind of Exceptions are Available in C++ Which Operator is Used to Allocate Memory for an Object Boundary Traversal of Binary Number in C++ Difference between POP and OOP in C++ Fundamentals of Data Structures in C++ C++ Constructor Return Type C++ Libraries C++ STL Tutorial C++ Throw Character String in C++ Clone a Linked List with Next and Random Pointer in C++ Counting Sort in C++ Diffеrеncе Bеtwееn dеquе::cbеgin and dеquе::assign in C++ Difference between Null and Nullptr in C++ Facade Pattern in C++ Semaphore in C++ Accumulate function in C++ Algorithm Header File in C++ Applications of C++ basic_istream::putback() in C++ Benefits of OOPs Boost library in C++ Bubble Sort in C++ C++ Override C++ Struct Public Throw Exception in C++ Call by Rеfеrеncе in C++ Character in C++ Characteristics of friend function in C++ Cin Getline in C++ Collections in C++ Composition in c++ Continue Statement in C++ Developing a Digital Synthesizer in C++ Different C++ Versions Diffеrеncе Bеtwееn Friеnd Function and Virtual Function in C++ Find a triplet from three linked lists with a sum equal to a given number in C++ Fizz Buzz Problem in C++ Forward list in C++ Friend Function and Friend Class in C++ Advantages of Function Overloading in C++ Game Library for C++ HashSet in C++ Heapify Algorithm in C++ Hopcroft Karp algorithm in C++ String find function in C++ Tellg in C++ The lower_bound in C++ The sum of digits in C++ Thinking in C++ language THIS FUNCTION IN C++ Tower of Hanoi Algorithm in C++ Transpose of a Matrix in C++ language Types of Execution in C++ Use of explicit keyword in C++ User-defined header files in C++ Vector of String in C++ Virtual Table in C++ Visibility Mode in C++ What are Literals in C++ What are manipulators in C++ Abstract Data Type in C++ POP full form in C++ 8-puzzle Problem Using Branch and Bound in C++ BK tree in C++ Decorator pattern in C++ Fusion tree in C++ Jump Pointer algorithm in C++ std::remove_extent in C++ Tabu search in C++ Nested structure in C++

Total Keywords in C++
2024-08-06 08:28:19

Total Keywords in C++

In the C++ programming language, keywords work as predefined identifiers with distinct meanings. These terms are reserved and cannot be used as names for variables, functions, or user-defined types since they are essential to the syntax and semantics of the language.

For constructing programs and defining various facets of their behaviour, C++ keywords are crucial. They are the grammar's building blocks and contain terms like "int," "if," "else," "class," and many others. Each word in the language has a specific role and aids developers in expressing their goals succinctly and effectively.

Uses of keywords in C++

In C++, keywords represent particular words with predetermined purposes and meanings. You cannot use them for your names since they are reserved. Instead, they assist you in directing the computer's actions. For example:

  • Data sorts: The computer is instructed on how to handle various sorts of data using keywords like "int" (for whole integers) and "float" (for decimal values).
  • Control: The words "if" and "else" aid with decision-making within your program. For example, "If this is true, do this." If not, carry out that.
  • Loops: Words like "while" and "for" assist in making a particular activity repeatable. For example, "Keep doing this until something changes."
  • Functions: You may break your code down into more understandable parts by using words like "void" (no specified type) and "return" (to deliver a result).
  • Classes and objects: You may define the characteristics and behaviours of objects by using terms like "class" and "public" to construct blueprints for them.
  • Storage and Scope: Terms like "static" and "extern" (for variables declared elsewhere) assist control where and how data is saved.

Advantages of keyword

  • Clarity: The language's keywords have well-defined meanings and functions, which makes the code easier to read and self-explanatory. Anytime you see a keyword like "if" or "class," you immediately understand what the code is meant to do.
  • Consistency: Using keywords offers a repeatable and standardized method for performing typical programming operations. This homogeneity makes the code easier to understand and lowers the possibility of mistakes.
  • Efficiency: A compiler's or interpreter's ability to recognize and handle keywords is often more significant than user-defined names. Faster code execution may result from this effectiveness.
  • Error Avoidance: Using keywords decreases the possibility of unintentional variable or function name clashes. Since reserved keywords cannot be used by accident as identifiers, this helps avoid name conflicts.
  • Language Features: Keywords present crucial components of language and constructions. For instance, "for" and "while" keywords enable loops, improving the capacity of code to carry out repetitive operations.
  • Standardization: Including keywords in the language standard ensures that code written using keywords will run on many systems and compilers. Standardization encourages code dependability.
  • Documentation: Keywords serve as anchors for documentation and learning resources. They are frequently employed in tutorials, books, and online resources, making it more straightforward for programmers to access details and illustrations about certain linguistic aspects.
  • Code Editors and IDE Support: Code editors and Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) frequently feature auto-completion and syntax highlighting based on keywords, supporting developers in producing proper code quickly.
  • Tool Compatibility: Many software analysis and development tools are built to function with keywords. This compatibility improves the ability to analyze, debug, and rework code.
  • Future-Proofing: Because keywords are constant throughout language versions, code written using them in earlier iterations can still be understood and maintained in later iterations.

Types of keywords in C++

1. Auto

    The "auto" keyword was added to C++ in version 11, enabling automated type inference. It simplifies code and increases type safety by allowing the compiler to determine a variable's data type based on its initialization value.

    2. Const

    The "auto" keyword was added to C++ in version 11, enabling automated type inference. It simplifies code and increases type safety by allowing the compiler to determine a variable's data type based on its initialization value.

    3. Break

    In C++, the "break" keyword ends a loop or switch expression early. It offers a way to avoid repetitive or conditional execution by ending the current loop iteration or exiting the switch block when it is found. This allows program control to shift to the statement that follows the loop or switch.

    4. Continue

    The "continue" keyword in C++ can be used inside loops to skip the last part of the current iteration and move on to the next iteration, thereby neglecting the remaining code inside the loop for that specific iteration. It's frequently used to avoid leaving the loop while skipping some criteria or actions.

    5. Double

    The "double" keyword in C++ is used to specify a floating-point data type with double precision. It uses more memory than "float" but is more accurate in representing real values. Typically employed where accuracy is critical, such as in scientific and technical applications requiring precision to decimal digits.

    6. If

    The "if" keyword in C++ is used to provide conditional branching. A particular code block may be executed if a specific condition is satisfied. The code inside the "if" block is skipped if the condition evaluates to false, enabling programs to take actions and run multiple code pathways depending on particular situations.

    7. Int

    In C++, integer data types are declared using the "int" keyword. It is a basic data type in the language that represents entire integers. For instance, the expression "int x = 5;" indicates that the integer variable "x" should have the value 5.

    8. Return

    In C++, the "return" keyword is used to end a function and provide the caller a value. It is necessary for displaying the outcome of an operation or computation made by a function. The type of the returned value must match the function's specified return type for the caller code to get the data.

    9. Switch

    The switch keyword in C++ can be used for conditional execution, which depends on an expression's value. It makes it possible to take a branch to specified code snippets of content or "cases" corresponding to compatible values. It provides a helpful substitute for lengthy chains of "if-else" statements and is frequently used for multiple-choice selections.

    10. Default

      A switch statement in C++ uses the "default" keyword. It indicates a portion of code to run when none of the case labels matches the value of the switch expression. The "default" case acts as a fallback, enabling you to manage circumstances that are not provided or unexpected gracefully.

      11. While

        In C++, the "while" keyword starts a control structure called a "while loop." While a certain condition is met, a block of code is constantly executed. It's a crucial component for developing loops in programming that keep running until a particular situation is no longer true.

        12. Class

          In C++, the "class" keyword is used to specify a template for building objects with specific properties (data members) and behaviours (member functions). It combines data and functions into a single entity, enabling object-oriented programming concepts for modelling actual things and preserving data integrity through encapsulation.

          13. Virtual

            In C++, polymorphism and inheritance are combined with the "virtual" keyword. It shows that functions from derived classes may override a base class function. By enabling dynamic binding, the right function from a derived class may be utilized depending on the type of the runtime object.

            14. Friend

              The "friend" keyword in C++ gives access to hidden or protected members of a class to non-member functions or classes. This improves encapsulation and control while keeping flexibility in particular situations by enabling external functions or classes to collaborate closely with the class.

              15. Inline

                The "inline" keyword in C++ instructs the compiler to consider a function as an integral part of the calling code rather than an independent function. This optimization lowers the cost associated with function calls, which may enhance program performance—especially for simple, frequently used routines.

                16. Typedef

                  In C++, the 'typedef' keyword makes synonyms for data types, enabling programmers to construct unique, more compelling names for existing kinds. Giving complicated or frequently used data types meaningful names makes the code more self-explanatory and simple, improving readability and maintainability.

                  17. Mutable

                    The "mutable" keyword in C++ is utilized to change member variables inside of a const-qualified member function. It provides flexibility for specific situations when internal state modification is required by allowing altering data members while maintaining the const-correctness of the member function.

                    18. Static_cast

                      A C++ keyword for explicit type conversions is "static_cast." While compiling, it accurately translates between related data types, such as numeric types or pointers. When type conversion is well-defined and secure, it can prevent type-related mistakes.

                      19. Try

                        In C++, the "try" keyword is used to start a try block, a container for code that could produce exceptions. It is followed by "catch" blocks that, if any particular exceptions arise, manage them gracefully and permit the program to continue running.

                        20. Volatile

                        The C++ "volatile" keyword denotes that a variable may be changed externally, frequently by hardware or other program elements. Every access is made as intended since it prevents compiler optimization that would assume the variable is unchanged.

                        21. Bool

                        In C++, the "bool" keyword defines a Boolean data type that only accepts the values "true" or "false." It provides a straightforward method to manage program flow and make binary decisions in code and is vital for conditional expressions, decision-making, and logical operations.

                        22. Private

                        The access specifier "private" is used in class declarations in C++. It restricts access to members of the class who have been defined under it and makes them unavailable outside the class. A fundamental idea in object-oriented programming is that information hiding is encouraged, and this encapsulation improves data protection.

                        23. Protected

                        The "protected" keyword in C++ acts as an access modifier. It offers a certain level of encapsulation and inheritance control by allowing member variables and methods to be accessible within the class and its derived classes. It permits use in inherited classes while ensuring limited access to external scopes.

                        24. Public

                        The access specifier "public" is used in class declarations in C++. It indicates that class members designated as "public" can be immediately accessed and edited outside the class. With this term, encapsulation is made easier, allowing for regulated access to a class's interface while preserving data privacy.

                        25. Union

                        In C++, the "union" keyword enables the construction of a data structure that can accommodate many data types in the same amount of memory. When various types of data have similar memory needs, it helps with memory optimization and encourages effective memory utilization.

                        26. Typeid

                        In C++, the 'typeid' keyword determines the type of an expression or object during runtime. It provides a 'type_info' object that may be used by the program to check the actual type and do out actions using types.

                        27. Void

                        The "void" keyword defines a function that doesn't return a value or doesn't have a return value. It's frequently used for processes that carry out operations without generating a result. For example, the word "void" is used in the function declaration "void noreturnfunction()" to indicate that "noreturnfunction" doesn't return any data when it is called.

                        28. Delete

                        The "delete" keyword in C++ is used to release memory that was previously dynamically created with "new." By reallocating the memory linked to an object, it enables programs to use memory effectively and helps prevent memory leaks.

                        29. Reinterpret_cast

                        The C++ type conversion operator "reinterpret_cast" enables low-level, risky type conversions. It allows for the explicit reinterpretation of data representation by converting any pointer type into any other pointer type and integral types into pointer types. 'reinterpret_cast' must be used with extreme caution.

                        30. Register

                        The C++ "register" keyword tells the compiler to put a variable in a processor register for quicker access. However, because current compilers are typically better at optimizing variables on their own, utilizing "register" is no longer as important as it once was, and it is rarely used nowadays.

                        31. Using

                        The "using" keyword is used in C++ to make the code simpler and easier to read and understand. The current scope can be expanded by developers by adding a name or symbol from another namespace. For instance, "using namespace std;" eliminates the need for repeating qualifiers like "std::cout" and allows direct access to objects of the "std" namespace. While useful, "using" directives must be cautiously used to prevent name conflicts.

                        32. Type name

                        The "type name" keyword in C++ is used to clarify that a dependent name, such as a type included within a template, refers to a type. It supports the compiler in recognizing that a specific object is a type rather than a variable or function. This keeps things clear and guarantees proper code compilation, especially in template-based programming.

                        33. Static_assert

                        The C++ keyword "static_assert" verifies a condition during compilation. If the requirement is unsatisfied, a compilation error with a unique message is generated. It aids in the early detection of problems and guarantees that particular conditions or restrictions are satisfied before code execution.

                        34. Atomic_commit

                        In C++, as of my most recent knowledge update in September 2021, the "atomic_commit" keyword is not a default keyword. It can be connected to a particular compiler extension or library added after that. To understand the purpose and usage of the specific library or compiler you are using, please refer to the documentation or reference materials for it.

                        35. Co_return

                        In C++, coroutines are utilized using the "co_return" keyword. It identifies the points at which a coroutine should maintain its state while handing over control to the caller. It's similar to a bookmark instructing you to "Pause here and remember where to resume later."

                        36. Extern

                        The 'extern' keyword in C++ declares variables and functions in various code sections or distinct source files. It informs the compiler that the variable or function already exists elsewhere and should be utilized without being redefined. This is useful to avoid duplicating the declaration of a variable or function across many files, cutting down on repetition and guaranteeing code consistency.

                        37. Alignas

                        In C++, the 'alignas' keyword is used to manage how data structures or variables are spaced out in memory (or aligned). For improved speed or device compatibility, you can define how data should be organized in memory. The usage of "alignas" allows you to guarantee that data is saved at particular memory locations, which is helpful for things like streamlining data access for quicker execution or making sure that the alignment is correct for hardware requirements.

                        38. Asm

                        Programmers can directly introduce assembly language code into their C++ programs using the 'asm' keyword. It is utilized when low-level control or specific hardware-related tasks are necessary. Although it allows for the writing of assembly instructions within C++ code, allowing programmers to communicate with the hardware directly, it usually needs to be more portable and understandable than pure C++ code.

                        39. Concept

                        The "concept" keyword in C++ provides a list of conditions or restrictions that a type must meet. It helps guarantee that a particular type used in a template satisfies specific requirements, enhancing the readability and safety of the code. Think of it as a mechanism to define the characteristics a variety should possess, making it simpler to deal with templates and avoiding unexpected compilation failures.

                        40. Expect

                        The 'noexcept' keyword in C++ indicates that a function won't throw any exceptions while running. The method is meant to handle all probable mistakes internally, which informs the compiler and makes the code more dependable and effective. This keyword helps program speed optimization by enabling the compiler to make specific exception-handling assumptions, resulting in quicker code execution.

                        41. Struct

                        In C++, the "struct" keyword is used to build a user-defined data type that collects several variables, each of which may have a distinct data type. You might think of it as creating your unique container to hold related data, and it would let you access these variables with just one struct name. Similar to classes but having elements that are by default accessible to the public, structures are frequently used to describe straightforward data structures.

                        42. Template

                        The "template" keyword in C++ enables you to design generic classes and functions. It functions as a blueprint that can handle various data kinds. Utilizing templates allows you to create code only once and use it for multiple data types, increasing the flexibility and reuse of your programs. When writing classes or methods that can operate on floats, integers, or other data types without repeating code, templates come in helpful.

                        43. Requires

                        In C++, requirements or restrictions on template arguments are specified using the "requires" keyword. It helps ensure that a template may only be instantiated using types that meet particular requirements. For example, you may use "requires" to determine whether a template parameter is a specific type or has a given set of member functions. Limiting the kinds used with a template helps prevent template mistakes and improves your code.

                        44. Or_eq

                        The 'or_eq' keyword in C++ functions as a bitwise OR assignment operator. It is used to bitwise OR two values together and then store the outcome into the left operand. In this case, 'a or_eq b' would compute 'a | b' (bitwise OR of 'a' and 'b'), assigning the result back to 'a'. It's a shortcut for doing a bitwise OR operation while changing the value of a variable.

                        45. Nullptr

                        The 'nullptr' keyword in C++ provides a secure and clear method of indicating a null or empty pointer. It's a more recent substitute for using "NULL" or "0." Because it makes it obvious that you're working with a null pointer, the programming function "nullptr" helps prevent some specific programming mistakes. It increases code clarity and dependability by making it easier to discern between an actual memory address and an empty one.

                        46. Signed

                        The "signed" keyword in C++ is used to specify data types like "int" as signed integers. When compared to their "unsigned" equivalents, signed integers can represent both positive and negative entire numbers, while "unsigned" integers can only represent zero or positive values. The "signed" keyword helps define the possible range of values for a variable, guaranteeing that it can handle both positive and negative values.

                        47. Xor_eq

                        The bitwise XOR function "xor" is used in C++ and is denoted by the symbol "^". This operator's standard component, "eq", is absent here. It would be necessary to know the precise meaning of "xor_eq" in the code to understand it completely.

                        48. Constexpr

                        The C++ keyword "context" is used to instruct the compiler that the value of a variable or function can be determined at compile time rather than run time. By guaranteeing that specific values are known and fixed before compilation, it facilitates efficient and safer code while minimizing runtime overhead. This makes it possible to improve performance-critical code and allow programs to behave more predictably.

                        49. Co_await

                        A C++ feature for asynchronous programming is called "co_await". This prevents the entire program from being blocked while functions wait for an operation to finish. Similar to waiting for a friend's SMS message, your program can carry out other tasks while you wait for a response. This enables programs to cope with time-consuming processes like network queries or file loading more responsively and effectively.

                        50. Co_yield

                        A C++ feature called "co_yield" is utilized with coroutines. It enables a function to stop running while returning a value to the caller without losing state. As a result, asynchronous activities, such as handling concurrent processes, may be handled using code that is more effective and legible. Simply, it makes it simpler and more organized to manage time-consuming processes, including waiting for data.

                        51. Decltype

                        The C++ keyword "decltype" aids in identifying the type of an expression or variable without actually analyzing it. When you don't want to run the code but want to know the data type of a result or an expression, it might be helpful. It's similar to asking, "What kind of this?" It makes it easier to write more adaptable and reliable code.

                        52. Bitor

                        The "bitor" operator ('|') in C++ performs bitwise OR operations between specific bits of two integers. This operation compares the equivalent bits in two numbers when it is used, and if either or both of the input bits are 1, it changes the outcome bit to 1. It is frequently employed for low-level tasks such as setting or verifying certain flags in binary representations of integers.

                        53. Alignof

                        The C++ function 'alignof' determines a data type's least alignment requirements. It informs you of the number of bytes the computer requires to store that particular data type in memory effectively.

                        54. And

                        The "and" operator, represented in C++ by the symbol "&&," is a logical operator for combining conditions. It determines if the requirements on its left and right sides are satisfied. The outcome is true if both are true; if not, it is false.

                        55. Explicit

                        "Explicit" is a keyword in C++ that prevents automatic type conversions. It prevents the compiler from automatically converting one type to another when creating objects when added to a constructor. This enhances code readability and prevents accidental modifications by guaranteeing that only explicit constructor calls are valid. It makes code more predictable and aids in avoiding errors brought on by unknowingly type conversions.

                        56. Wchar_t

                        'wchar_t' is a data type in C++ used for wide characters, which may represent characters from different languages and special symbols. Dealing with internationalization and characters outside the standard ASCII set is especially helpful. Since it can handle a larger variety of characters than normal characters, "wchar_t" is helpful for multilingual text processing but often uses more memory than regular characters.

                        57. Const_cast

                        The const qualifier can be removed from a variable or object in C++ using the 'const_cast' function. It enables the brief modification of a constant value, making it programmable within a defined scope. When using libraries or APIs that need non-const data, this is advantageous. Const_cast should only be used with caution, though, to prevent unforeseen consequences and preserve the program's correctness.

                        58. New

                        The "new" keyword in C++ is used to allocate dynamic memory. It permits the creation of variables or objects on the heap, a portion of memory distinct from the stack. This makes it possible to allocate memory while data structures like arrays and objects are being used. To avoid memory leaks, it's crucial to combine "new" and "delete" when releasing the memory that has been allocated.

                        59. Char16_t

                        The C++ data type "char16_t" represents characters and text as 16-bit units. It is beneficial for managing non-ASCII characters and international language since it can hold more characters than the standard "char" type. This enables it to function more accurately and efficiently while working with different character sets and languages.

                        60. Do-while

                        A do-while loop is a type of control structure used in C++ that runs a block of code at least once and then repeats for the duration that a specific condition is true. It's the equivalent of telling someone to "do this and keep doing it while this condition is true." Each cycle ends with a check of the condition.

                        61. Bitand

                        The "bitand" bitwise AND operator in C++. It evaluates the equivalent bits in two integers, and only if both of the input bits are 1 does it change the output bit to 1. If not, it sets the result bit to 0 instead. In this case, the result of 5 bits and 3 is 1, as the matching bits, 101 and 011, resulting in 001.

                        62. Char32_t

                        The 'char32_t' data type in C++ represents individual characters in a Unicode string. It is made to handle various characters from the Unicode Standard, including emojis and many foreign symbols. Your program is suited for text processing in a global environment since "char32_t" guarantees that it can operate with these various characters correctly.

                        63. Xor

                        The caret sign (^) in C++ is the bitwise operator known as XOR (exclusive OR). It stands in contrast to identical bits in two integers. XOR returns 1 if the bits are different and 0 if they are the same. It's frequently used to toggle or flip certain bits in binary integers, which is helpful for operations like data processing, encryption, and flag-toggling.

                        64. Thread_local

                        The thread_local in C++ is used for declaring the variables that will have thread-local storage. This shows that each thread has a unique copy of the variable, and the change made by one thread will not affect the other threads. It helps isolate data and avoid conflicts when you need variables exclusive to each thread, such as counters in multi-threaded programs.

                        65. Or

                        The logical operator "or" combines two conditions in C++. The "or" operator evaluates to true if either of the criteria is true.

                        66. Unsigned

                        The keyword "unsigned" is used in C++ to identify variables that may only hold non-negative whole numbers (integers). "Unsigned" variables, in contrast to conventional "signed" integers, can only store values larger than or equal to zero. This is helpful when it's unnecessary to utilize negative integers since "unsigned" variables may represent greater positive values because they don't have any negative values in their range.

                        67. Module

                        A module in C++ functions as a container for related programs. It organizes variables, functions, and other program elements. Code may be better managed and understood by using modules to organize it. To keep your programming area neat and organized, it's like having several boxes with labels on them.

                        68. And_eq

                        The bitwise AND assignment operator in C++ is called "and_eq." The result is assigned to the left operand after performing a bitwise AND operation between the two values. 'A and_eq b', for instance, is equivalent to 'A = A & B'. It is a shortened method of combining bitwise AND and assignment operations.

                        69. Synchronized

                        The built-in keyword "synchronized" is not present in C++ like in specific other languages. However, synchronization is accomplished by employing tools like mutexes or locks. In multi-threaded programs, they guarantee that only one thread may access an essential component of code or data simultaneously, preventing conflicts and data damage. When numerous threads are simultaneously altering shared resources, synchronization is crucial for thread safety.

                        70. Not

                        "Not" is not an independent keyword in C++. Instead, it's frequently employed for deciding if a condition is false as part of logical expressions. To express "if the condition is not true," you may write "if (!condition)." By determining if something is the opposite of what you anticipate and allowing for conditional actions depending on that evaluation, the "Not" operator in C++ aids in creating decisions in your code.

                        71. Char8_t

                        The C++ data type "char8_t" was first introduced in C++20 to handle Unicode characters more effectively. Working with different character sets is facilitated by its ability to hold 8-bit Unicode code units explicitly. This sort of character encoding makes it easier to represent each character by a single unit, resulting in improved interoperability with different text processing routines.

                        72. Const

                        The C++ keyword "const" is used to make something immutable. When a variable is declared as "const," it signifies that once it has been set, its value cannot be changed. To avoid unintentional modifications and guarantee the value remains constant throughout the program, it's like putting something in stone.

                        73. False

                        The term "false" in C++ is a logical value that denotes "not true." To determine if a specific condition or expression is invalid or not satisfied, it is commonly employed in conditional statements. An alternative code path or action is executed when a condition evaluates to "false," which denotes that it is not true or has failed.

                        74. True

                        The special keyword "true" in the C++ programming language denotes a Boolean value that represents whether something is true. It helps in decision-making in conditional expressions and statements.

                        75. Else

                        The "else" keyword in C++ is a decision-making tool. It is used in conjunction with "if" to form conditional statements. The code included within the "else" block is performed when the condition provided with "if" is false. It enables your program to execute various operations depending on whether a condition is met or not. This helps regulate your program's flow and allows it to react effectively to multiple circumstances.

                        76. Throw

                        The C++ keyword "throw" indicates your program has experienced an error or unusual circumstance. You may raise an exception using "throw" when a problem occurs. A suitable "catch" block may be used elsewhere in your code to capture and manage this issue. It helps in mistake management and better-controlled responses to unexpected events.

                        77. Catch

                        Errors or exceptions that arise while a program is running are handled using the C++ keyword "catch". "catch" enables the program to react in a controlled manner, such as by displaying a notice or taking necessary action, preventing the program from crashing, when a specific issue arises, such division by zero.

                        78. Export

                        In C++, the 'export' keyword indicates that a specific template instantiation should be available in different translation units. It was made available in C++20 to enable modules, enabling effective code separation. It indicates that a template should be available in other program areas, minimizing dependencies across translation units and improving compilation times.

                        79. Reflex

                        A C++20 feature called "reflexpr" provides reflection capabilities and enables code to inspect and modify types, classes, and their members at compile time. It is a component of the C++ Metaprogramming framework, allowing for introspection and code creation depending on the design of pre-existing types. By providing access to type information during compilation, this feature makes activities like serialization and creating object factories more simple.

                        80. This

                        "The 'this' keyword in C++ refers to the object now used inside a class member function. It aids in separating identically named class members from function arguments. Working with class instances is facilitated by the access to object-specific data and functions provided by "this". In essence, it serves as a pointer to the object, enabling member functions to operate on its characteristics.

                        81. Static

                        The "static" keyword in C++ defines variables or functions that maintain their values or characteristics across function calls. It denotes the value of variables being constant throughout function calls. In the case of functions, it indicates that the function is a member of the class rather than an instance, enabling direct class access.

                        82. Case

                        A "switch" statement in C++ uses the "case" keyword to define certain choices or conditions. By associating a specific value or phrase with one of the specified circumstances, it aids in controlling the flow of the program. When a match is discovered, the relevant case's code is run. By creating a set of options within your program, various scenarios may be handled more easily.

                        83. Char

                        The char is the keyword in C++ used for character data type. The representation of a character includes symbols, letters, and numbers. It is advantageous to work with text and characters in C++ programs because "char" allows you to define variables that hold individual characters.

                        84. Consteval

                        In C++, a function can be marked as "constant evaluated" using the "consteval" keyword. It advises the compiler that the runtime assessment of the function needs to be revised. As a result, the compiler will be able to optimize some computations when compiling, which can assist in increasing code efficiency. 'consteval' is a helpful tool for performance-sensitive programming since it makes sure that the function's logic is carried out during compilation.

                        85. Enum

                        The "enum" keyword in C++ is used to build enumerations, which are similar to lists of named values. By providing names to specific numbers or values, it improves the readability of code. For instance, you might make an enum for days of the week so that in your code, you could use names like "Monday," "Tuesday," and so on rather than numbers. Enums make it simpler to read and maintain your code.

                        86. Dynamic_cast

                        The 'dynamic_cast' keyword in C++ is used for securely passing pointers or references from a base class to a derived class. It's similar to verifying that it is secure to convert a general shape into a particular circle and that the conversion is accurate. When something is unsafe, it returns a null pointer for pointers or raises the 'bad_cast' exception for references.

                        87. Float

                        The "float" keyword in C++ is used to specify a data type that can include decimal integers having a fractional portion. It works well for displaying actual values like 3.14 or 0.5. However, it has less accuracy than "double," and the "float" data type utilizes less memory. It works well in tasks like graphics or simulations when accuracy is not a top priority.

                        88. For

                        In C++, loops are made using the "for" keyword, allowing you to repeat an array of instructions several times. Update, condition, and initialization make up its three components. You establish the initial value, choose the end point of the loop, and indicate the evolution of the value through time. It's a helpful method for managing everyday tasks in your program.

                        89. Goto

                        'Goto' is a control statement in C++ that enables a program to jump to a labelled portion of code. Due to its ability to produce unstructured and challenging-to-maintain code, its use is usually recommended. Most current programming techniques minimize the necessity for "goto" by encouraging organized control flow via loops, conditionals, and functions. It can, however, be intelligently applied in certain situations for particular control flow requirements.

                        90. Long

                        In C++, the keyword "long" is used to specify a data type that represents integers with greater flexibility than the standard "int." It frequently uses up more memory and offers a wider range of values. When working with huge amounts of numerical data, "long int" or "long" can contain bigger whole numbers; however, its size varies depending on the system (for example, "long" is 4 or 8 bytes on most systems).

                        91. Not_eq

                        The 'not_eq' predefined function can be used in C++ instead of the '!=' operator. When comparing inequality between two values, variables, or phrases, it is frequently used. 'not_eq' can be used to improve code readability and maintain consistency in coding styles, even though '!=' is more frequently used for this purpose. This is especially true when exact coding standards or guidelines are followed.

                        92. Namespace

                        A namespace in C++ is a container for an array of related variables, functions, or classes. Offering a distinct context for these items helps prevent name conflicts. To avoid naming conflicts and to enhance code organization, you may, for example, keep your math-related functions distinct from other portions of your code by using a "math" namespace.

                        93. Short

                        In C++, the data type modifier "short" defines integer variables with a smaller range than "int." It can be used when memory conservation is crucial, such as when working with big arrays of integers that don't require the entire range of an "int" data type because it generally takes up less memory. Typically, a "short" integer requires two bytes of storage.