C++ Tutorial Index

C++ Tutorial C++ History C++ Installation C++ First Program C++ cin and cout C++ Data type C++ Variable C++ operator C++ Keywords

C++ Control Statements

C++ If C++ Nested if C++ If-else C++ If-else-if C++ Switch C++ Break C++ Continue C++ Goto C++ For loop C++ While loop C++ Do while loop

C++ Functions

C++ Call by Value C++ Call by Reference C++ Recursion Function C++ Inline function C++ Friend function

C++ Arrays

Single dimension array Two dimension array

C++ Strings

C++ Strings

C++ Inheritance

C++ Inheritance Single level Inheritance Multilevel Inheritance Multiple Inheritance Hierarchical Inheritance Hybrid Inheritance

C++ Polymorphism

C++ Polymorphism C++ Overloading C++ Overriding C++ Virtual Function

C++ Pointers

C++ Pointers C++ this pointer

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Exception Handling

C++ Constructors

C++ Constructors Default Constructor Parameterize Constructor Copy constructor Constructor Overloading Destructor

C++ File Handling

C++ File Handling C++ Writing to file C++ Reading file C++ Close file

Miscellaneous

C Vs C++ C++ Comments C++ Data Abstraction C++ Identifier C++ Memory Management C++ Storage Classes C++ Void Pointer C++ Array To Function C++ Expressions C++ Features C++ Interfaces C++ Encapsulation std::min in C++ External merge sort in C++ Remove duplicates from sorted array in C++ Precision of floating point numbers Using these functions floor(), ceil(), trunc(), round() and setprecision() in C++ C++ References C++ Friend Functions C++ Mutable keyword Unary Operators in C++ Initialize Array of objects with parameterized constructors in C++ Differences between #define & const in C/C++ C++ Program to Implement Shell Sort C++ Program to Implement Merge Sort Storage Classes in C Vector resize() in C++ Passing by Reference Vs. Passing by the pointer in C++ Free vs delete() in C++ goto statement in C and C++ C++ program to read string using cin.getline() C++ String Concatenation Heap Sort in C++ Swap numbers in C++ Input Iterators in C++ Fibonacci Series in C++ C ++ Program: Alphabet Triangle and Number Triangle C++ Program: Matrix Multiplication C++ Program to Print Fibonacci Triangle Stack in C++ Maps in C++ Queue in C++ C++ Bitset C++ Algorithms Priority Queue in C++ C++ Multimap C++ Deque Function Pointer in C++ Sizeof() Operators in C++ C++ array of Pointers free() Vs delete in C Timsort Implementation Using C++ CPP Templates C++ Aggregation C++ Enumeration C++ Math Functions C++ Object Class C++ Queue Initialize Vector in C++ Vector in C++ C++ STL Components Function overloading in C++ C++ Maximum Index Problem C++ find missing in the second array C++ Program to find the product array puzzle C++ Program To Find Largest Subarray With 0 Sum C++ Program To Move All Zeros To The End Of The Array C++ Program to find the element that occurs once C++ Program to find the largest number formed from an array Constructor Vs Destructor C++ Namespaces C++ OOPs Concept C++ Static C++ Structs C++ Try-Catch C++ User Defined Exceptions C++ Virtual Destructor C++ vs C# Malloc() and new in C++ Palindrome Number Program in C++ Snake Code in C++ Splitting a string in C++ Structure Vs Class in C++ Virtual Function Vs Pure Virtual Function C++ Bidirectional Iterators C++ Forward Iterators C++ Iterators C++ Output Iterators C++ Range-based For Loop Converting string into integer in C++ LCM Program in C++ Type conversion in C++ Add two numbers using the function in C++ Advantage and disadvantage friend function C++ Armstrong Number Program in C++ ATM machine program in C++ using functions Binary to Decimal in C++ Bit Manipulation in C++ C++ Constructor C++ Dijkstra Algorithm Using the Priority Queue C++ int into String C++ Signal Handling Decimal to Binary in C++ Decimal to Hexadecimal in C++ Decimal to Octal in C++ Factorial Program in C++ Function in C++ Hexadecimal to Decimal in C++ Octal to Decimal in C++ Reverse a Number in C++ Structure Vs Class in C++ C++ Forward Iterators C++ Output Iterators C++ Prime number program Char Array to String in C++ Constructor Overloading in C++ Default arguments in C++ Different Ways to Compare Strings in C++ Dynamic Binding in C++ Program to convert infix to postfix expression in C++ SET Data Structure in C++ Upcasting and Downcasting in C++ Reverse an Array in C++ Fast Input and Output in C++ Delete Operator in C++ Copy elision in C++ C++ Date and Time C++ Bitwise XOR Operator Array of sets in C++ Binary Operator Overloading in C++ Binary Search in C++ Implementing the sets without C++ STL containers Scope Resolution Operator in C++ Smart pointers in C++ Types of polymorphism in C++ Exception Handling in C++ vs Java Const Keyword in C++ Type Casting in C++ Static keyword in C++ vs Java Inheritance in C++ vs Java How to concatenate two strings in C++ Programs to Print Pyramid Patterns in C++ swap() function in C++ Structure of C++ Program Stringstream in C++ and its applications rand() and srand() in C / C++ C++ Ternary Operator C++ Scope of Variables While Loop Examples in C++ Star pattern in C++ using For Loops For Loop Examples in C++ Do-While Loop Examples in C++ Top 5 IDEs for C++ That You Should Try Once Assertions in C/C++ C++ Convert Int to String Continue in C++ While loop Diamond Pattern in C++ using For Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using Do-While Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using For Loop How to Reverse a String in C++ using While Loop Infinite loop in C++ Loops in C++ Returning Multiple Values from a Function using Tuple and Pair in C++ wcscpy(), wcslen(), wcscmp() Functions in C++ Auto keyword in C++ C++ 11 vs C++ 14 vs C++ 17 C++ STL (Standard Template Library) Differences Between C Structures and C++ Structures Divide by Zero Exception in C++ Dynamic Constructor in C++ Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ Find the Size of Array in C/C++ without using sizeof() function Floating Point Operations and Associativity in C, C++ and Java Hello World Program in C++ How to create a table in C++ How to Setup Environment for C++ Programming on Mac Implementation of a Falling Matrix in C++ Message Passing in C++ Pointer to Object in C++ Templates in C++ vs Generics in Java Ways to Copy a Vector in C++ What does Buffer Flush mean in C++ sort() function in C++ Structure Sorting (By Multiple Rules) in C++ Similarities between C++ and Java std::distance in C++ Array program in C++ C++ Tricks for Competitive Programming Desired Capabilities in Selenium Web Driver in C++ Socket Programming in C++ Template Specialization in C++ Classes and Objects in C++ Convex hull Algorithm in C++ DES in C++ C++ vardiac() function Difference between Two Sets in C++ Difference between Exit and Return Structured Binding in C++ Differences between Local and Global Variable Bitwise Operator vs Logical Operator Difference between OOP and POP in C++ Fork in C++ Functors in C++ How to call a void function in C++ How to create a directory or folder in C/C++ How to create a library in C++ How to create a stack in C++ How to create the Processes with Fork in C++ How to Handle Divide by Zero Exception in C++ Lambda Expression in C++ Pattern programs in C++ Roadmap to C++ Programming Substring in C++ Virtual base class in C++ Bits stdc++.h in C++ Top 14 Best Free C++ IDE (Editor & Compiler) for Windows in 2022 Bitmasking in C++ Auto Keyword in C++ Features of OOPS in C++ Hospital Management Project in C++ How to Declare Unordered Sets in C++ How to Sort an Array in C++ Include Guards in C++ Iostream in C++ Method overriding in C++ How to run program in turbo c++ How to Use Getline in C++ Leap Year Program in C++ Naming Convention in C++ New Operator in C++ Nullptr in C++ Object Slicing in C++ Principles of Object-Oriented Programming in C++ Processing strings using std string stream in C++ Pure Virtual Function in C++ With Example Program Random Number Generator in C++ Singleton Design Pattern in C++ Size_t Data Type in C++ Skyline Problem in C++ System() function in C++ Web Development in C++ Data Hiding in C++ Difference between exit() and _Exit() in C++ Hashing in C++ Object in C++ Sum of all Elements between k1’th and k2’th Smallest Elements Virtual class in C++ Vector Size in C++ Top best IDEs for C/C++ Developers in 2022 Tensorflow in C++ Sliding Window Technique in C++ Reverse String Word-Wise in C++ Returning a Function Pointer from a Function in C/C++ RTTI in C++ Pthreads or POSIX Threads in C++ Reserved Keywords in C++ Passing a Vector to a function in C++ 10 Best C and C++ Books for Beginners & Advanced Programmers Add two numbers represented by two arrays in C++ Array of Object in C++ C++ Program For FCFS Containership in C++ Counting Frequencies of Array Elements in C++ Decltype type Specifier in C++ Dynamic _Cast in C++ Difference between int main() and int main(void) in C/C++ Depth First Search Program to Traverse a Graph in C++ Features and Use Of Pointers in C/C++ Fread Function in C++ Programming Fscanf Function in The C++ Functions in C++ With Types and Examples Gmtime Function in C/C++ How is Multiset Implemented in C++ How to Build a Program in C++ How to Declare a 2d Array Dynamically in C++ inheritance Program in C++ int Max and int Min in C/C++ is It Fine to Write Void Main Or Main in C/C++ How to create a button in C++ abs() function in C++ Compile Time Polymorphism in C++ Division in C++ Factorial of a Number in C++ using while Loop Multiset in C++ 4 Pillars of OOPs Approach in C++ Backtracking Time Complexity in C++ C++ Global Variable C++ Pipe Tutorial Observer Design Pattern in C++ Private Inheritance in C++ Pthread in C++ Parameters SDL library in C++ with Examples Pointers in C++ Ascending order in C++ How the value is passed in C++ Call by Pointer in C++ Constexpr in C++ Deadlock in C++ Design Patterns in C++ Factory Method for Designing Pattern in C++ How to calculate size of string in C++ Name Mangling and extern in C++ Preventing Object Copy in C++ Program that produces different results in C and C++ Quick Sort in C++ Single Handling in C++ Type difference of Character literals in C VS C++ Use of Inheritance in C++ User-defined literals in C++ Vector methods in C++ Void * in C and C++ Zombie and Orphan Process in C++ Isprint() in C++ List and Vector in C++ List iterators in C++ Merging Two Vectors in C++ Sleep function in C++ Stoi function in C++ String erase() in C++ String Trim in C++ When should we write own Assignment operator in C++ C++ tcp client server example C++ tcp server example Early Binding and Late Binding in C++ Factory Design Pattern in C++ Fisher-Yates shuffle algorithm in C++ For Auto in C++ Group anagrams in C++ How to convert binary string to int in C++ How to convert string to float in C++ How to remove space from string in C++ How to use pair in C++ How to use the string find() in C++ Dynamic Casting in C++ 2D Vector Initialization in C++ C++ GUI Visual Studio C++ IPC C++ Macro Function Example C++ Permutation Overloading Stream Insertion in C++ Overloading array Index operator in C++ Operators that cannot be overloaded in C++ Operator overloading in C++ isprint() function in c++ Is_trivial function in C++ Is assignment operator Inherited in C++ div() function in C++ Default Assignment Operator and References in C++ Copy Constructor vs Assignment Operator in C++ Conversion Operator in C++ Array sum in C++ STL C++ Define Macro C++ Design C++ Factory Pattern TCP Client Server Example in C++ Convert String to Uppercase in C++ exit() and _Exit() in C and C++ Initializer list in C++ Iterator invalidation in C++ Lower bound in C++ Modulus of Two float numbers or double number Pass by value in C++ Set insert function in C++ Std partition_point in C++ Unary Operator Overloading in C++ Using Default Arguments with Virtual Functions Virtual Functions and Runtime Polymorphism What is endl in C++ What is Unary Operator Overloading in C++ Which operators cannot be overloaded in C++? rint(), rintf(), rintl() in C++ Stack size in C++ String append() function in C++ String push_back() in C++ String replace() in C++ Transform function in C++ Unique in C++ Unordered_map in C++ Binary String to Int C++ Boost C++ ctime() function in C++ Difference Between Overloading and Overriding in C++ Exception handling in constructor and destructor in C++ Explain class template in C++ Fesetround() and Fegetround() in C++ and their application Gets() and Puts() in C++ Hypot(), hypotf() and hypotl() in C++ Kadane Algorithm in C++ Log function in C++ Map of Pairs in STL Map vs unordered_map in C++ Nearbyint() Function in C++ Pair in C++ Access Specifiers in C++ Add Two Numbers in C++ Using Class Benefits of Operator Overloading in C++ C++ Socket Programming Windows C++ Program for Addition of Two Numbers Using Functions C++ Programming Examples C++ Protected Inheritance C++ Return Object Static Data Members in C++ Program for COPY Constructor in C++ Association in C++ C_str in C++ Boost libraries in C++ C++ macro function Assignment Operator Overloading in C++ Automatic Storage Class in C++ Function Object in C++ C++ Move Constructor Cast in C++ C++ 11 Lambda C++ Multithreading Bottom-up Approach in C++ C++ Program to Divide the String Into N equal Parts Gray Code to Binary Code in C++ How to get the value of pi in C++ Multimap value_comp() function in C++ Vector of Vectors in C++ Naïve Bayes Algorithm in C++ f 10 C++ Programming Tricks You Should Know btowc() function in C++ forward_list::cend() in C++ Unordered_multimap max_load_factor() function in C++ Cpp_int in c++ Dynamic Objects in C++ FLOCK() FUNCTION IN C++ Generate Random Double Numbers in C++ How to Assign Infinity to a Number in C++ Jump statements in C++ Multipath inheritance in C++ Out of Range Exception in C++ Size of Class in C++ Size of string in C++ std::binary_negate in c++ Thread_local in C++ Tokenizing a String in C++ Ancestors of a Node in Binary Search Tree C++ program for Double to String Conversion C++ Program to Demonstrate Use of Formatting Flags on Float Output Clamp in C++ K-Dimensional Tree in C++ Mutable Lambda in C++ Power Set in C++ Program to Find Sum of Geometric Progression Std::Back_inserter in C++ Strpbrk() function in C++ Size of int in C++ TYPES OF MANIPULATORS IN C++ Double colon in C++ How to sort vector in C++ How to use Setprecision in C++ How to write a Vector in C++ Insertion in Splay Tree in C++ Merge Sort Algorithm in C++ Printing a Character using ASCII value in C++ Regex in C++ Size of Data Types in C++ Abstract Factory Design Pattern in C++ Sqrtf() function in C++ Static Casting in C++ Using Range in Switch Case in C++ wcstoimax() and wcstoumax() function in C++ What is float in C++ What is the Diamond Problem in C++ Best way to learn C++ ios setstate() function in C++ Nested Namespace in C++ Single Inheritance in C++ std::fixed, std::scientific, std::hexfloat, std::defaultfloat in C++ StringStream in C++ for Decimal to Hexadecimal and back The OFFSETOF() macro in C++ Semaphores in C++ Seekg in C++ stacktrace Header file in C++ 23 std::future in C++ std::unary_negate() in C++ Difference between std::endl and \n in C++ Iswspace Function in C++ Difference between std-next and std::advance in C++ Hiding of all overloaded methods with same name in base class in C++ C++ program to concatenate two strings using operator overloading Difference between array::fill() and array::swap() in C++ Difference between Friend Function and Virtual Function in C++ Semaphores in C++ UDP server- client implementattion in C++ What is long long in C++ CSV file management using C++ fma() function in C++ Toggle bits of a number except first and last bits in C++ Trailing Return Type C++ 11 Binary search implementation in C++ Different Versions of C++ What is Cascading in C++ Background Colour in C++ BOOL DATATYPE IN C++ BIT VECTORS IN C++ Literals in C++ Application of pointer in C++ Index with minimum sum of prefix and suffix sums in an array in C++ Maximum sum Bi-tonic sub-sequence in C++ std::optional in C++ C/C++ program for triangular matchstick number COUT COMMAND IN C++ LANGUAGE Adjacency matrix program in C++ language Exception Objects in C++ Difference between Null String and Empty String in C++ Character data type in c++ Constructors in Inheritance C++ Comma Operator Overloading in C++ Typename in C++ C++ Friend Class C++ Exceptions Difference Between C and C++ Double-linked list program in C++ Color Code in C++ CRC Program in C++ Anti-Clockwise spiral traversal of a binary tree in C++ Advantages of OOP in C++ Cryptarithmetic Puzzle in C++ Angular sweep algorithm in C++ Factorial of Large Numbers in C++ endl Function in C++ vfprintf() method in C++ Check if a given number is Pronic in C++ Difference between Fundamental Data Type and Derived Data Types in C++ Different Ways to initialize an unordered_set in C++ Dinic’s Algorithm in C++ How to read whole ASCII File into C++ using std::string? std::unary_negate() in C++ String::npos function in C++ type_traits::is_null_pointer in C++ C++ code to count the local extrema of given array Demlo number (square of 11....1) in C++ Function Template and Class Template in C++ Getline in C++ GUI Design in C++ Hashing Implementation in C++ HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE IN C++ Hospital Management System in C++ How to Add Header Files in Dev C++? How to cin string in C++ How to compile a C++ program in Visual Studio code Iscntrl in C++ Memento Pattern in C++ Smarandache-Wellin Sequence in C++ The feclearexcept in C++ HashMap in C++ Alexander Bogomolny's UnOrdered Permutation Algorithm in C++ Convex Polygon in C++ Count Univalue Subtrees in C++ Entringer Number in C++ Friends pairing Problem in C++ Klee's Algorithm (Length of the union of segments of a line) in C++ Spaceship Operator(&|t;==>) in C++ Uniform Initialization in C++ Woodall Number in C++ C++ Program to Solve Knapsack Problem Using Dynamic Programming How do you exit from the infinite loop in Turbo C++? How to create a game using C++ language How to do XOR in C++? How to Find Max Value in Array C++ How to get date in C++ Pointer to a Derived Class in C++ C++ program to show runtime exceptions Convert a Singly LinkedList to XOR LinkedList in C++ Creation of Variable in C++ CRTP (curiously recurring template pattern) in C++ Euler Circuits in Directed Graphs Using C++ Final NBA Match pairing in C++ Find pivot in rotated sorted array in C++ How to make a square in C++ How to reduce fractions in C++ std::lerp in C++ Stella Octangula Numbers in C++ Return Statement in C++ Finding the n-th Fortune Number in C++ How to use StringStream in C++ Minimize Count of Unequal Elements at corresponding Indices between give n arrays in C++ std::midpoint in C++ std::transform inclusive scan in C++ std::span in C++ Types of Errors in C++ C++ program to implement the bin packing algorithm Dereference Operator in C++ How to merge multiple std::sets into a single std::set in C++? Stack Clear C++ Structure and Class in C++ Template Definition in C++ Tree Data Structure in C++ Typename in C++ Program in C++ for Beginners Restoring a Shuffled Queue in C++ Print patterns in C++ Hybrid Inheritance in C++ How to use OpenGL in C++? How to Separate a String in C++ Havel-Hakimi algorithm in C++ Find the size of all connected Non-Empty Cells of a Matrix in C++ Burst Sort Algorithm in C++ Basic istream peak() method in C++ Addition of two matrices in C++ What is std reference wrapper in C++? What is std mbrtoc 32 in C++? What is std istreambuf iterator in C++? What is std declval in C++? std rethrow if nested in C++ std regex search in C++ std ctype byname in C++ std call once in C++ std basic ios copyfmt in C++ std atomic ref in C++ Properties of Friend Function in C++ Sophie Germain Prime number in C++ Centroid Decomposition in C++ How to Get the List of All Running Tasks in C++ Programming Questions on Function Overloading in C++ std codecvt in and std codecvt do in in C++ std is constant evaluated in C++ Std put money in C++ Number of ordered pairs such that Ai Aj = 0 in C++ dlsym() function in C++ Isxdigit() function in C++ Difference between Objective C and C++ Menu Driven Program in C++ Undulating Numbers in C++ How to Access Private Variables in C++? Particle Swarm Optimization in C++ Understanding std::ios_base::iword in C++ std::piecewise_construct _t in C++ Toeplitz Matrix in C++ Two-Way Linear Search Algorithm in C++ C++ Concurrency in action C++ integer size C++ Enum class Compare two lists in C++ Command to run C++ Program in terminal Cascading In C++ Static Member Function in C++ with Example C++ Multiple, Multilevel and Hierarchical inheritance Painting Fence Algorithm in C++ Rearrange Distant Barcodes in C++ What are the rules for using an Underscore in a C++ dentifier? std::quoted in C++ Std::memory_order in C++ Std::fisher_f_distribution in C++ Advantages Oops in C++ floor() and ceil() function in C++ Topological Sort in C++ How to get file size in C++ Class Meaning in C++ DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NEW AND DELETE OPERATOR IN C++ New and Delete In C++ Operators in C++ String data types in C++ begin() in C++ Static Library Linking in C++ Stack Unwinding in C++ Singleton Pattern in C++ Shared_ptr in C++ Random Number between 1 and 10 in C++ Initializer in C++ Error Handling in C++ Define Reference in C++ Create a Class in C++ C++ Move Semantics What is Thread Id to Int in C++? What is a Static Member Function in C++? Using Keyword in C++ C++ IDE Linux C++ Mini Project With Source Code and Output All swing components C++ Syntax Link Call By Value And Call By Reference In C++ Const ptr c++ Const_cast C++ Constant Arguments in C++ Example of parameterized constructor in C++ example of user-defined data type Anonymous object in C++ Bank program in C++ Base class and Derived class in C++ Cerr in C++ Cin string in C++ cin.get() in C++ Containers in C++ Control flow statement in C++ coroutine in C++ cstdlib in C++ Difference between encapsulation and Abstraction Difference between template and macro in C++ Emplace_back in C++ Cstdio in C++ Exception specification in C++ Files and streams in C++ Hamming code implementation in C++ Map cbegin() and cend() function in C++ STL Map Emplace_hint() function in C++ STL Naked function calls in C++ Private destructor in C++ Static object in C++ unordered_set in C++ Uses of namespace std in C++ Virtual function and virtual base class in C++ VS Code Setup for C++ Vtable and vptr in C++ fixed() function in C++ How to remove an element from an array in C++ How to take space-separated input in C++ iomanip in C++ Isdigit() function in C++ noexcept in C++ rdbuf() in c++ seekg() function in C++ Seekp() function in C++ Setw() in C++ The diamond pattern in C++ Advantages and Disadvantages of Inheritance in C++ C++ Variables Types Explain Access Specifiers in C++ Anagram Program in C++ AREA OF TRIANGLE IN C++ ARRAY INPUT IN C++ Big Integers in C++ Bitwise Operator in C++ Data Structures Algorithms and Application in C++ EOF Function in C++ Explicit in C++ File Opening Mode in C++ Friend Function in C++ Function Overriding in C++ How to Copy in Turbo C++? How To Use POW in C++ Increment Operator in C++ Inline Functions in C++ Int range in C++ Integer in C++ Linked List in C++ malloc() and calloc() in C++ Maximum Value in Vector in C++ NPTEL Programming in C++ Assignment Solutions SHARED POINTER IN C++ Vector in C++ Stl What is an Object in C++ What is Copy Constructor in C++ Dereferencing a Pointer in C++ fill() Function in C++ map find() function in C++ Associative Containers In C++ C++ generic programming introduction Character Set in C++ Class and Structure in C++ Decltype in c++ Difference Between Abstraction and Interface in C++ File Stream in C++ Final in C++ Final Keyword in C++ Find substring in C++ Flush in C++ Has-A Relationship in C++ How to allocate memory dynamically in C++ How to close turbo C++ in windows 10 How to Use Modulus in C++ How to use Set in C++ Input and Output Operators in C++ Insert Function in C++ MENU DRIVEN PROGRAM IN C++ MOVE SEMANTICS IN C++ OOPs Interview Questions in C++ PARAMETER PASSING IN C++ PUNCTUATORS IN C++ SPLIT FUNCTION IN C++ Stream Classes in C++ Vector declaration in c++ Vector in C++ Virtual Function in C++ Binary Search Tree Program in C++ Built-in Types in C++ API in C++ Returning Object from a Function in C++ C++ Singleton C++ Template Class Declaration and Definition Tree in C++ C++ Type Traits Catch All Exceptions in C++ Lvalue and Rvalue in C++ Move Constructor in C++ Move Semantics in C++ Mutex Lock in C++ Qt in C++ Tutorial STL Algorithms in C++ Access Class members in C++ Designated initializers in C++ Dynamic Initialization of Objects in C++ Inbuilt Functions in C++ Metaclass in C++ Nesting of a member function in C++ Unique_ptr() in C++ Vector erase() function in C++ Vector insert() Function in C++ 10 important concepts of Oops in C++ At in C++ Difference Between Abstraction and Encapsulation in C++ Difference between Function Overloading and Operator Overloading in C++ Exception Specifications in C++ Examples of Destructor in C++ Examples of Hybrid Inheritance in C++ How to declare an Array in C++ How to declare string in C++ Instance variable in C++ Manipulators in C++ Pointer Declaration in C++ preprocessor in C++ Push_Back() Function in C++ Space in C++ String stl in c++ Edmonds Karp algorithm in C++ How to Create Singleton Class in C++ Static Polymorphism in C++ Associative Containers In C++ C++ generic programming introduction Character Set in C++ Class and Structure in C++ Decltype in c++ Difference Between Abstraction and Interface in C++ File Stream in C++ Final in C++ Final Keyword in C++ Find substring in C++ Flush in C++ Has-A Relationship in C++ How to allocate memory dynamically in C++ How to close turbo C++ in windows 10 How to Use Modulus in C++ How to use Set in C++ Input and Output Operators in C++ Insert Function in C++ MENU DRIVEN PROGRAM IN C++ MOVE SEMANTICS IN C++ OOPs Interview Questions in C++ PARAMETER PASSING IN C++ PUNCTUATORS IN C++ SPLIT FUNCTION IN C++ Stream Classes in C++ Vector declaration in c++ Vector in C++ Virtual Function in C++ Associative Containers In C++ C++ generic programming introduction Character Set in C++ Class and Structure in C++ Decltype in c++ Difference Between Abstraction and Interface in C++ File Stream in C++ Final in C++ Final Keyword in C++ Find substring in C++ Flush in C++ Has-A Relationship in C++ How to allocate memory dynamically in C++ How to close turbo C++ in windows 10 How to Use Modulus in C++ How to use Set in C++ Input and Output Operators in C++ Insert Function in C++ MENU DRIVEN PROGRAM IN C++ MOVE SEMANTICS IN C++ OOPs Interview Questions in C++ PARAMETER PASSING IN C++ PUNCTUATORS IN C++ SPLIT FUNCTION IN C++ Stream Classes in C++ Vector declaration in c++ Virtual Function in C++ Babylonian Square Root Algorithm in C++ C++ Delegates Complex Number Program in C++ Custom Sort in C++ Differences Between C++ and JavaScript Meta Classes in C++ Prim’s Algorithm in C++ RAII in C++ How to access set elements in C++ How to Allocate and Deallocate Memory in C++ How to Convert String to Lowercase in c++ How to initialize a string in C++ How to Input a String in C++ Ignore Function in C++ Image Recognition Algorithm in C++ Insertion Sort Algorithm in C++ Knapsack Problem in C++ LOG BASE 2 IN C++ LOOPING STATEMENT IN C++ Managing Output with Manipulators in C++ Max Heap in C++ mbrlen- function in C-C++ Merge Overlapping Intervals in C++ Merge Sort Recursive in C++ Methods to Sort Strings in C++ Multiline Comment in C++ Multiple catch statements in C++ Naïve Bayes Algorithm in C++ Needleman Wunsch Algorithm in C++ Object delegation in C++ Pass 2 Assembler Program in C++ ratio_less_equal() function in C++ Rethrowing an exception in C++ Return type in C++ Reusability in C++ Round Robin Scheduling Program in C++ Sequence Container in C++ Sieve of Eratosthenes in C++ SOLID PRINCIPLES IN C++ STACK USING PUSH POP PROGRAMME IN C++ Stdlib Header File in C++ Strcmp function in C++ strcmpi in C++ Find minimum s-t cut in a flow network in C++ Hamilton Cycle Detection in C++ list cbеgin() and cеnd() function in C++ Maximum Bipartite Matching in C++ Neural Network in C++ Otsu Thresholding Opencv C++ Pancake Sorting in C++ Pimpl Idiom in C++ Print All Interleavings of Given Two Strings in C++ Print the Corner Elements and their Sum in a 2-D Matrix in C++ reinterpret_cast in C++ Rotate Bits of a Number in C++ Shallow Copy in C++ Stable Marriage Program in C++ Stack Smashing Detected in C++ Static Data Member in C++ String::npos in C++ Thread safe queue in C++ Total Keywords in C++ Tug of War in C++ What Kind of Exceptions are Available in C++ Which Operator is Used to Allocate Memory for an Object Boundary Traversal of Binary Number in C++ Difference between POP and OOP in C++ Fundamentals of Data Structures in C++ C++ Constructor Return Type C++ Libraries C++ STL Tutorial C++ Throw Character String in C++ Clone a Linked List with Next and Random Pointer in C++ Counting Sort in C++ Diffеrеncе Bеtwееn dеquе::cbеgin and dеquе::assign in C++ Difference between Null and Nullptr in C++ Facade Pattern in C++ Semaphore in C++ Accumulate function in C++ Algorithm Header File in C++ Applications of C++ basic_istream::putback() in C++ Benefits of OOPs Boost library in C++ Bubble Sort in C++ C++ Override C++ Struct Public Throw Exception in C++ Call by Rеfеrеncе in C++ Character in C++ Characteristics of friend function in C++ Cin Getline in C++ Collections in C++ Composition in c++ Continue Statement in C++ Developing a Digital Synthesizer in C++ Different C++ Versions Diffеrеncе Bеtwееn Friеnd Function and Virtual Function in C++ Find a triplet from three linked lists with a sum equal to a given number in C++ Fizz Buzz Problem in C++ Forward list in C++ Friend Function and Friend Class in C++ Advantages of Function Overloading in C++ Game Library for C++ HashSet in C++ Heapify Algorithm in C++ Hopcroft Karp algorithm in C++ String find function in C++ Tellg in C++ The lower_bound in C++ The sum of digits in C++ Thinking in C++ language THIS FUNCTION IN C++ Tower of Hanoi Algorithm in C++ Transpose of a Matrix in C++ language Types of Execution in C++ Use of explicit keyword in C++ User-defined header files in C++ Vector of String in C++ Virtual Table in C++ Visibility Mode in C++ What are Literals in C++ What are manipulators in C++ Abstract Data Type in C++ POP full form in C++ 8-puzzle Problem Using Branch and Bound in C++ BK tree in C++ Decorator pattern in C++ Fusion tree in C++ Jump Pointer algorithm in C++ std::remove_extent in C++ Tabu search in C++ Nested structure in C++

C++ Libraries
2024-08-05 10:10:09

C++ Libraries

The C++ programming language's libraries are essential because they give programmers pre-written code modules and functions to streamline software development. These libraries include various capabilities, from data structures and algorithms to multimedia processing and network connectivity. Developers may save time and effort while assuring the dependability and effectiveness of their programs by utilizing C++ libraries, which provide them access to proven, tested, and optimized code.

C++ libraries have many uses and provide tools for various application areas. While libraries like Turbo extend the functionality of C++ with features like smart pointers and multithreading support, the Standard Template Library (STL) is an essential component of C++ and contains primary containers and algorithms. Libraries like OpenCV and SFML are designed for specific industries, such as game development and computer vision. These libraries promote best practices, code reuse, and maintainability in C++ software projects and speed up the development process.

Types of C++ Libraries

C++ has the following types of libraries, such as:

1. Standard libraries:

    Standard libraries in C++ are a crucial and essential component of the language, providing an extensive collection of pre-written code modules and methods that simplify typical programming tasks. These libraries, a component of the Standard Template Library, or STL, or the C++ Standard Library, provide crucial building blocks for C++ program development. The following components can be approximately categorized as standard libraries:

    • STL Containers: The standard libraries provide a variety of container classes, including vectors, lists, queues, and maps, that enable programmers to store and handle data correctly. A multitude of uses are possible for these containers. Maps, for instance, store key-value pairs, whereas vectors are dynamic arrays that can expand in size as necessary.
    • STL Algorithms: Standard libraries also include a large selection of algorithms for modifying the data contained in these containers. These algorithms make it simpler to carry out frequent operations on data structures by including sorting, searching, and transformations.
    • iostream: Input and output operations are essential components of every programming language. The iostream component of the C++ standard libraries, which contains classes like iostream, ifstream, and ofstream, simplifies interactions with the console and file input and output.
    • Strings: Many applications include string manipulation in some way. To make processes like string concatenation and parsing more straightforward, standard libraries have classes and methods for working with character sequences.
    • Iterators: Iterators can easily access and manipulate container items by navigating through their contents. To meet varied demands, standard libraries include various iterator types, including forward and reverse iterators.
    • Utilities: The standard libraries offer a variety of general-purpose functionality in the form of utility classes and functions. The std::min and std::max functions, for instance, are included in the algorithm header, while the utility header offers utilities for pairs and tuples.

    2. Utility libraries:

    In the C++ language, utility libraries come under the category of libraries and provide a wide range of classes and functions that help with general-purpose programming activities. These libraries aim to reduce development times while streamlining and optimizing routine programming tasks. Utility libraries act as broad tools that might be helpful in various programming scenarios rather than being specialized for a particular domain or application. The following are some essential features of C++ utility libraries:

    • Boost C++ Libraries: It is one of the most known examples of utility libraries found in Boost C++ Libraries. A comprehensive collection of libraries known as Boost improves the C++ Standard Library, providing various features and functions. It covers a variety of subjects, including mathematical operations, smart pointers, regular expressions, and multithreading. Boost is commonly used to enhance and accelerate C++ development and is regarded as the norm in practice in the C++ community.
    • Guidelines Support Library (GSL): The Guidelines Support Library, often called GSL, is a valuable library that encourages efficient and secure C++ development. It offers classes and methods that help programmers produce trustworthy, high-quality code. GSL contains tools for bounds checking, type attributes, and other features that help programmers avoid frequent dangers like buffer overflows and type mismatches.
    • Standard Utility Functions: Utility libraries frequently include common functions that make activities like string manipulation, file I/O, date and time calculations, and data serialization easier to perform. By offering thoroughly examined and enhanced versions of frequently used procedures, these functions are intended to save developers time.
    • Design Patterns: Some utility libraries provide design patterns that help programmers use tried-and-true architectural and structural remedies for typical design issues. These patterns can enhance the maintainability, reusability, and organization of the code.
    • Concurrency and Multithreading: Utility libraries frequently provide methods for managing concurrency and multithreading. By offering techniques for assuring thread safety and synchronization, utility libraries make it easier to design multithreaded programs.
    • Error handling: The inclusion of error-handling and exception-handling utilities in utility libraries, which are an essential component of software development, makes it simpler to deal with errors and exceptions robustly and consistently.
    • Performance Optimization: Utility libraries may provide tools for performance optimization, including data structures and algorithms created for effective memory utilization and execution speed.

    3. Multimedia and graphics libraries:

    Multimedia and graphics libraries for C++ are specialized tools that help programmers create programs with rich multimedia content and visuals, ranging from games to audiovisual processing. These libraries offer an array of features and functionalities that make it easier to manipulate visuals, music, and user interfaces, which makes them crucial in the multimedia and gaming industries. An overview of C++'s multimedia and graphics libraries is provided below:

    • SFML (Simple and Fast Multimedia Library): SFML is a well-known C++ library for creating games and multimedia applications. It provides various capabilities, such as 2D visual rendering, window generation, and audio management. Both beginners and experienced game creators should use SFML because of its simplicity and user-friendly interface.
    • OpenGL: With the help of the well-liked cross-platform graphics technology, C++ programmers may create 2D and 3D visuals. It offers high-performance rendering thanks to its low-level access to a computer's graphics hardware. This flexible tool can be utilized in a wide range of settings, from video games to scientific visualization and simulations, where its use is crucial to create captivating and lovely experiences.
    • OpenCV: The Open-Source Computer Vision Library is another name for OpenCV. It is a computer vision and image processing library. Applications like object tracking, picture identification, and video analysis may all benefit from its powerful abilities. OpenCV is beneficial in various domains, including robots, augmented reality, and medical imaging, thanks to its vast library of functions for image editing, pattern recognition, and machine learning.

    These libraries provide an environment for creating dynamic and visually appealing apps while assisting developers in making the most available computer technology. They include tools for managing multimedia components, including audio and video, and tools for processing user input, creating images, and managing user input. Furthermore, these libraries frequently include tools for speed optimization, rendering, and asset management, enabling developers to construct immersive multimedia experiences.

    4. GUI (Graphical User Interface) libraries:

    GUI (Graphical User Interface) libraries in C++ are collections of pre-written code and tools that are aimed to make creating graphical user interfaces for desktop programs easier. Software is more accessible and user-friendly because of graphical user interfaces, which provide users with a visual and interactive method to engage with it. C++ GUI libraries allow programmers to create windows, buttons, menus, and other graphical components, allowing the creation of programs with a polished and user-friendly front end. Here are some critical information regarding C++'s GUI libraries:

    • Cross-Platform programming: Many C++ GUI frameworks, such as Qt and WxWidgets, offer cross-platform programming. This indicates that programs developed using these libraries may operate on several operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux, without requiring much adjustment. For developers wanting to reach out to a large user base, this functionality is helpful.
    • Interface Based on Widgets: GUI libraries frequently include a selection of pre-made widgets or components, such as buttons, text fields, and dropdown menus. These widgets allow developers to build user interfaces without designing each element from scratch. This speeds up development and guarantees uniformity in the presentation of the application.
    • Event Handling: GUI frameworks have systems for user input, such as keyboard and mouse clicks. Developers can specify how the program reacts to these events, enabling user control and engagement.
    • Customization: While libraries include a variety of standard widgets and components, developers may also customize the appearance and behaviour of these elements to meet the demands of their applications. For the creation of distinct and visually appealing interfaces, this flexibility is crucial.
    • Theming and Styles: GUI frameworks frequently provide theming and style decisions, enabling developers to alter the application's general appearance and feel without having to rewrite an enormous amount of code. This is essential for preserving a consistent visual identity across many platforms.
    • Accessibility: GUI libraries frequently provide keyboard navigation and support for screen readers as standard accessibility capabilities. This guarantees that programs adhere to accessibility guidelines and are accessible to people with limitations.
    • Localization and Internationalization: Many GUI libraries include features for localization (l10n) and internationalization (i18n). Applications may be developed by developers that support a variety of languages and geographical areas, making them usable by users worldwide.
    • Community and documentation: Popular graphical user interface libraries, such as Qt and WxWidgets, have extensive and active user communities. This makes it simpler for developers to understand and utilize these libraries efficiently since they can access many documentation, tutorials, and support materials.
    • Commercial and Open-Source Options: Depending on their project requirements, developers can select between open-source and commercial GUI libraries. Commercial solutions could provide more support and functionality, while open-source alternatives are more affordable.
    • Integration with Other Libraries: GUI libraries frequently offer integration with other libraries, such as graphics and multimedia libraries. Developers may now produce feature-rich applications with complex graphics and interactive components thanks to this.

    5. Math and Scientific Libraries:

    C++'s Math and Scientific Libraries represent specialized functions and classes created to help with computational tasks in mathematics and science. These libraries provide various capabilities, including simulations, complicated mathematical calculations, and linear algebra. Key characteristics and popular libraries in this category are listed below:

    • Linear Algebra: Math and scientific libraries include classes and functions for performing standard linear algebra operations, including matrix and vector manipulation. These are necessary for operations like eigenvalue calculations and the solution of systems of linear equations.
    • Numerical Analysis: They provide algorithms for numerical analysis, which incorporate techniques for numerical integration, solving differential equations, and estimating answers to mathematical issues.
    • Special Functions: Several libraries include implementations of unique mathematical operations, such as Bessel, Legendre polynomials, and gamma functions, often utilized in engineering and scientific fields.
    • Random Number Generation: Tools for generating random numbers and producing statistical distributions, which are essential for simulations and statistical analysis, are typically included in scientific libraries.
    • Complex Numbers: These libraries support complex numbers and provide functions for complicated mathematical operations and complex arithmetic.
    • Optimization: Some libraries include techniques for discovering the optimal answers to optimization issues, such as nonlinear and linear programming.
    • Eigen: A well-liked linear algebra C++ template library, Eigen is known for its speed and usability. It enables operations like matrix decompositions, linear system solving, and finding eigenvalues and contains matrix and vector classes.
    • Armadillo: Armadillo is a linear algebra and scientific computing-focused C++ library. It has a user-friendly interface and may be applied to statistical analysis and several linear algebra procedures.
    • Blitz++: A high-performance C++ library for engineering and scientific calculations. It emphasizes efficiency through expression templates and is appropriate for simulations and matrix operations.
    • GSL (Guidelines Support Library): GSL is a general-purpose library with several mathematical and scientific functions. It covers complex number math, interpolation, integration, and numerical analysis.

    6. Networking and Communication Libraries:

    C++'s networking and communication libraries enable programmers to create programs communicating with other systems, gadgets, or distant services across networks. These libraries offer a solid basis for putting network protocols, socket communication, and data transfer operations into practice. They play a crucial role in developing a wide range of networked applications, from straightforward client-server programs to complex distributed systems. The following are a few essential characteristics of C++'s networking and communication libraries:

    • Socket communication: C++ networking libraries support socket programming, enabling programmers to set up connections over networks and transfer data between devices. This makes it possible to create programs connecting to servers, other programs, or hardware across networks like the Internet.
    • Network Protocols: These libraries frequently include implementations of well-known network standards like HTTP, FTP, and TCP/IP, making it easier to create software that uses them for communication. Developers may use these protocols to retrieve online content, send files, and establish reliable connections.
    • Asynchronous and Concurrent Operations: Asynchronous and concurrent programming capabilities are available in many networking packages. This is essential for creating responsive apps that can manage many network connections and carry out various activities at once, such as handling incoming requests and maintaining several connections at once.
    • Security: Networking libraries commonly connect security features that encourage secure communication over networks. The security and integrity of data transported across the web are ensured by this, including support for encryption and authentication methods.
    • Cross-Platform Compatibility: C++ networking libraries have the advantage of functioning on a variety of platforms, which makes them excellent for creating cross-platform applications that can operate on numerous devices and operating systems.

    7. Poco C++ Libraries:

    Poco (POrtable COmponents) is an extensive collection of C++ libraries for creating network-centric and multithreaded applications. Its modules for HTTP, SMTP, FTP, and other protocols make it an excellent choice for network communication and online applications.

    Poco is a popular option for developers looking to construct cross-platform networked apps because of its simplicity, portability, and thorough documentation.

    • Boost.Asio: Boost is a component of the Boost C++ Libraries group. Asio is renowned for its network programming and asynchronous I/O features. It provides a high-level interface for interacting with network protocols and sockets.

    It is possible to develop practical, non-blocking network applications, including server implementations, using Boost.Asio, thanks to its adaptability and support for asynchronous activities.

    • Libcurl: A popular C library for data transfer that supports several network protocols, including HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and others, is called libcurl. "curlpp," a C++ wrapper library, offers Libcurl C++ bindings.

    For operations like web scraping, retrieving web material, and sending files over the Internet, Libcurl is a well-liked option. It may be found on many platforms and is quite portable.

    • ZeroMQ:

    ZeroMQ is an asynchronous messaging package with outstanding performance that is built for creating scalable, distributed applications. It offers a variety of message patterns, such as publish-subscribe and request-reply.

    Wherever low-latency, high-throughput communication is crucial, ZeroMQ is ideally suited for creating message systems, real-time communication applications, and distributed computing solutions.

    8. Security and Cryptography Libraries in C++:

    C++ security and cryptography packages are essential for maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of data in software applications. They offer methods and tools for encrypting and decrypting data, producing safe random numbers, and putting in place different security precautions. In fields like secure communication, data security, and authentication, these libraries are crucial. The following list of well-known C++ security and cryptography libraries:

    • Crypto++: A well-known C++ library for cryptographic operations is called Crypto++. It provides many safe hash functions, cryptographic primitives, and encryption and decryption techniques. Because of its dependability, Crypto++ is frequently used in applications that demand high levels of security.
    • Botan: Botan is an open-source C++ library that offers a variety of cryptography methods and protocols. Security, speed, and user-friendliness were all priorities in its design. Both straightforward encryption jobs and intricate security needs are appropriate for Botan.
    • Libsodium: It is a cutting-edge, user-friendly software library for encryption, decryption, signatures, password hashing, and other functions. It is intended to be easy to use and robust to network threats. Secure communication and data protection frequently employ libsodium.
    • Nettle: Nettle is a low-level cryptographic toolkit that offers a collection of building pieces for putting different cryptographic methods into practice. It is appropriate for developers who must create unique cryptographic solutions based on the specifications of their application.

    9. Database Libraries in C++:

    Database libraries are specialized C++ utilities made to communicate with different database systems. They are necessary for software applications that store, retrieve, and change structured data because they offer a simple and effective way to connect to, query, and manage databases. These libraries enable developers to deal with databases consistently by abstracting the underlying database management system. Database libraries make it easier to do operations like building, maintaining, and querying databases, promoting safe data management.

    Widely used database libraries:

    • SQLite: SQLite is a serverless, self-contained SQL database engine that requires no installation. This popular embedded database system is small and effective since it keeps data in a single file. SQLite is frequently used in embedded devices, mobile apps, and desktop programs.
    • MySQL Connector/C++: C++ programs may communicate with MySQL databases using the MySQL Connector/C++ library. For interacting with MySQL, it offers a C++ API, allowing programmers to carry out tasks including database connectivity, querying, and result retrieval.
    • Open Database Connectivity (ODBC): ODBC is an open standard that allows C++ programs to connect to various database management systems. It provides programmers with a standard API for entering databases and will enable them to design code that doesn't have to be dependent on the specific database system being used.
    • PostgreSQL C++ API (libpqxx): libpqxx is a PostgreSQL C++ client API, one of the most significant open-source relational database systems. It enables capabilities like transaction management and query execution and makes interacting with PostgreSQL databases easier.
    • MongoDB C++ Driver: The official C++ driver enables communication between programs and MongoDB, a NoSQL database. This driver is appropriate for creating applications that use MongoDB's adaptable document-oriented data architecture since it supports several C++ capabilities.
    • DBMS-Specific Libraries: A few database management systems have their own C++ libraries or APIs. For example, Oracle Database offers the Oracle Call Interface (OCI) for C++ programs, while Microsoft SQL Server provides the SQL Server Native Client.

    These database libraries make it easier to build databases into C++ programs. They handle database connections, simplify complicated processes, and provide safe data transfers. Whether a compact embedded database or a sophisticated client-server database, selecting the proper library relies on the exact database system used and the project's needs.

    10. Other Specialized Libraries:

      A wide range of libraries that focus on specific application areas and niche needs are included in the category of other specialized libraries in C++. These libraries provide developers with features and tools designed specifically for technical tasks. These are some other C++ examples of specialized libraries:

      • GTest and GMock: These libraries, for creating and carrying out unit tests and building mock objects, respectively, are called Google Test (GTest) and Google Mock (GMock). These libraries are crucial for ensuring code dependability in C++ projects and for test-driven development (TDD).
      • FFTW (Fastest Fourier Transform in the West): FFTW is a package that specializes in quickly calculating fast Fourier transforms (FFTs). It is widely used in signal processing, scientific computing, and other fields where data must be transformed between time and frequency domains.
      • HDF5 (Hierarchical Data Format): HDF5 is a data management and storage library for big and complicated datasets. It is commonly utilized in scientific and engineering applications for data-intensive operations like simulations and experimentation.
      • LEDA: LEDA (Library of Efficient Data Types and Algorithms) is a library that provides data types and algorithms for combinatorial and geometric calculations. In computational geometry, network optimization, and graph algorithms, it is beneficial.
      • Xerces-C++: It is an XML parsing library required for programs that work with XML data. Its reading, parsing, and manipulation of XML document capabilities make it worthwhile for online services, data exchange, and configuration settings.
      • PhysX: PhysX is a physics processing toolkit made for video games and simulations that need to create dynamic and realistic physics simulations. It has capabilities including fluid simulations, collision detection, and rigid body dynamics.